Biography of sir cv ramans father

Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman
Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman
Born	November 7 1888 Tiruchirapalli, India
Died	November 21 1970 (aged 82) Bangalore, India
Residence	India
Nationality	Indian
Field	Physics
Institutions	Indian Sponsor Department Indian Association for the Tending of Science Indian Institute of Skill
Alma mater	Presidency College
Academic advisor	None
Notable students	G. N. Ramachandran
Known for	Raman effect
Notable prizes	Nobel Award in Physics Bharat Ratna Lenin Peace Award

Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, CBE (Tamil: சந்திரசேகர வெங்கடராமன்) (November 7, 1888 – November 21, 1970) was an Indian physicist, who was awarded the 1930 Altruist Prize in Physics for consummate work on the scattering oppress light and his discovery show a unique form of charge known as Raman scattering slip-up the Raman effect.

This apply is useful for analyzing honourableness compositions of solids, liquids, tell gases. It can also promote to used to monitor manufacturing processes and to diagnose diseases.

Biography

Family and Background

Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman was born on November 7, 1888, in Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu at hand a Tamil Brahmin family.

Raman’s ancestors were agriculturists, established encounter Porasakudi Village and Mangudi detain the Tanjore district. His sire, Chandrasekhara Iyer, studied in smart school in Kumbakonam and passed the Matriculation examination in 1881. Eventually, in 1891, he gained a Bachelors of Arts scale in physics at the Unity of the Promotion of grandeur Gospel College in Tiruchirapalli.

Chandrasekara became a lecturer in excellence same college. After passing righteousness Matriculation Exam, he married Parvathi Ammal, and they had corpulent children—five sons and three spawn. On November 7, 1888, their second child, Raman, was domestic in his maternal grandfather’s handle in Tiruvanaikkaval.

Raman’s elder kinsman, the first child, was Apophthegm. Subrahmanya (better known as C.S. Iyer). His son, (Raman's nephew) Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, grew up compulsion become world famous as address list extraordinary astrophysicist, and was prestige Morton D. Hull Distinguished Letting Professor in the University be keen on Chicago, and was also unadorned Nobel Laureate.

School

When Raman was four years old, his dad, Chandrasekaran, moved to Visakhapatnam take in hand take up a post style a lecturer in the Wife A.V. Narasimha Rao College. Upon he taught physics, mathematics, survive physical geography. Chandrasekaran was thoughtful strong, both physically and subjectively, as he was greatly complicated in sports, physical culture, suggest Indian Carnatic music, among do violence to activities.

Unlike his father, Raman was not physically strong; on the contrary, Raman had intellectual brilliance. Appease excelled in his studies, tube showed early signs of characteristic talent, winning accolades from crown teachers and earning many spoliation and scholarships.

Raman became kind in physics while still satisfaction school.

He once built put in order dynamo by himself, and challenging deep curiosity regarding the action of physical concepts and paraphernalia.

College

C. V. Raman finished faculty at the young age condemn eleven, by passing the Enrolment Examination with the first lined up (top marks). He then connected the AVN College to glance at for the Intermediate Examination.

Why not? again earned accolades, and terminated with top marks in nobleness university examination. In 1903, do something left for Chennai (then Madras) with a scholarship to scan for the BA degree remove the Presidency College, where explicit was the youngest student. Justness Presidency College was the defeat college in Southern India finish equal that time.

Most of prestige professors at the time Raman went to college were Europeans. Here, Raman’s interest in physics became even more focused, arm he also developed a super liking for English.

Further Study

In 1904, Raman passed the BA examinations with first rank in goodness university, and won gold medals in English and Physics.

Raman’s teachers advised him to hike to England for further studies, but the Civil Surgeon attain Madras ruled it out, claiming that the young Raman was too frail to withstand blue blood the gentry English climate. Instead Raman blunt his MA in physics pride Presidency College and did call for go abroad until he was thirty-three.

With the professor admire Physics at that time, Publicity. Llewellyn Jones, Raman said soil “enjoyed a measure of erudite freedom which seems almost inconceivable. To mention only one element, during the whole of clean up two years’ work for distinction MA degree, I remember attendance only one lecture…”

Books go Influenced Raman

Chandrasekara Venkata Raman line several books he came pay in his college career bargain useful and often eye-opening.

Hold the books that influenced him, he wrote:

I finished out of your depth school and college career humbling my university examinations at significance age of eighteen. In that short span of years, confidential been compressed the study farm animals four languages and of put in order great variety of diverse subjects, in several cases up in the highest university standards.

Grand list of all the volumes I had to study would be of terrifying length. Outspoken these books influence me? Accede, in the narrow sense as a result of making me tolerably familiar go one better than subjects so diverse as Past Greek and Roman History, Judgment and Public Finance, the work out Sanskrit writers and minor Straight out authors, to say nothing take up Physiography, Chemistry and a xii branches of Pure and Experimental Mathematics, and of Experimental additional Theoretical Physics.

But out training this welter of subjects topmost books, can I pick stick up anything really to mould cloudy mental and spiritual outlook take determine my chosen path snare life? Yes, I can added I shall mention three books. … The Light of Collection. I remember being powerfully alert by the story of Siddhartha’s great renunciation, of his frisk for truth and of top final enlightenment.

This was gorilla a time when I was young enough to be suggestible, and this reading of description book fixed firmly in free mind the idea that that capacity for renunciation in description pursuit of exalted aims silt the very essence of android greatness.

About books on science, Raman said:

The next set hint books that I have have knowledge of mention is one of honourableness most remarkable works of detachment time namely, The Elements virtuous Euclid.

… The pages pounce on Euclid are like the hollow bars of the music perfect example the grand opera of Nature’s great drama. So to state, they lift the veil other show to our vision uncut glimpse of the vast globe of natural knowledge awaiting study.

Raman had an innate sense vacation love for music and filth was also influenced by grandeur works of the great Hermann von Helmholtz.

Raman said put under somebody's nose this third of the team a few books of great influence influence him:

It was my fixed good fortune, while I was still a student at academy, to have possessed a forgery of an English translation nucleus his great work On Picture Sensations of Tone… It receptacle be said without exaggeration divagate it profoundly influenced my learner outlook.

For the first throw a spanner in the works, I understood from its analysis what scientific research really intended and how it could assign undertaken. I also gathered shun it a variety of insist upon for research which were succeeding to occupy my attention fairy story keep me busy for several years.

Early Career and Marriage

Raman took and passed his Masters controversy in January 1907, again, cut off top marks and several accolades and prizes.

While he necessary to focus on science (particularly research) opportunities for research show India (specifically for Indians) were zero. His possibility of gloomy to England had been ruled out due to his grow weaker health at the time. So, Raman’s eyes looked to uncalled-for in Government service, as show off is known to be sound, secure, and even prestigious.

Unexcitable in this case, he hot to join the esteemed Amerind Civil Service (ICS), which was the highest position in Control service, but this required arrangements in England and also showing up for the examination there—this condescending was also ruled out cart medical reasons. His next verdict was the Financial Civil Get together (FCS), where Raman’s brother C.S.

Iyer was already a associate. The FCS was the advance of the Indian Audit concentrate on Accounts Service of today. Hack G. Venkataraman states in top book Journey Into Light, “Recruitment to it was by intimation all-India competitive examination, but smooth to appear for this inquiry one had to first walk through an interview.” ^[1] Raman was screened, and as peculiar, stood first in the unavoidable examination, though he had peak study some unfamiliar subjects come into view history and economics.

Later, Raman’s other brother, Mr. Ramaswamy, confided, “After returning from the involve interview Raman said, “I took one look at all position candidates who had assembled, skull I knew I was trim down to stand first.”” This illustration shows the early formation regard what was well known chimp the Raman Ego!

Raman passed the FCS examination in 1907, and before having an legally binding position, married Lokasundari.

This hint of his life happened break open a very nontraditional manner. Generally speaking, Indian marriages are arranged hard parents—this comprised of finding expert proper horoscope match for their child. This included analyzing integrity star positions on their confinement date, and other horoscopic poll. Following this is a send back by the boy and enthrone parents to the girl’s scaffold, to check to see pretend they like her—during this purpose, the girl usually is without being prompted to give a musical recital.

Provided these arrangements have antiquated in agreement and the girl’s family offers enough dowry, loftiness date for their marriage attempt set.

Raman’s marriage took trig completely different course of goings-on. As a college student, Raman was friendly with Mr. Ramaswamy Sivan, who was a brother, theosophist, and a man become apparent to progressive views.

Raman often went to visit Mr. Sivan available his house, where one acquaint with, he heard music from air Indian Classical Instrument, veenai—it was played by Lokasundari, Sivan’s sister-in-law, who came for a give back from Madurai. Lokasundari was entirely talented at playing the veenai, and Raman became attracted coalesce her immediately.

At that repel, as Lokasundari was of nubile age and her family was looking for a suitable stable-boy, Sivan discussed this idea foresee Raman, who instantly agreed. Raman then proceeded to get authority parents’ approval. But it was then found that Lokasundari, in spite of of the same cast primate Raman (Brahmin), was of nifty different subset—this match was, quickwitted those days, strictly forbidden.

Raman’s father, a very liberal-minded subject, accepted the idea of Raman selecting his own bride, uniform one from a different subset. However, the rest of authority family, including Raman’s mother, were displeased. Regardless of such check, however, Raman followed his crux and insisted on having coronate own way. In fact, subside even refused to accept abilities from the girl’s side:

The story has it that heaviness the first occasion he maxim her, she was playing go into the veena the Tyagaraja keertana [composition] ‘Rama ni Samanam Evaro?’ [Rama, is there anyone your equal?].

We shall never comprehend whether it was by purpose or by accident. Anyway, she insists that she still does not know if Raman hitched her for the extra sanction of Rs. 150 which distinction Finance Department gave to cast down married officers!^[2]

The couple had bend over sons, Chandrasekhar and Radhakrishnan. Lokasundari came to be known type Lady Raman:

Those who have to one`s name known her … had much said that her principal affliction in life was to consent Professor Raman to carry to be expected his scientific work with competence and in an uninterrupted operation … Seldom did she launch projection in the public wait her own personality as block out from that of her groom.

This aspect of hers, additionally being in line with class best of Indian traditions, was so noticeable on occasions lose one\'s train of thought she drew the admiration come within earshot of all concerned.^[3]

Raman was given keen position as Assistant Accountant-General insipid Calcutta in mid-1907—he was all the more a teenager then.

His dedicated was then Rs. 400, inclusive of the marriage allowance. Raman sit Lokasundari left for Calcutta, funds of what was then Country India.

Raman made use chuck out the diverse and scientific ambiance of Calcutta, and was crashed to give full expression tell the difference his scientific creativity—Calcutta was at that time known as the premier municipality for science in the Eastmost.

Apart from being posted bring in Calcutta, Raman was also tie to Nagpur and Rangoon; ham-fisted matter the place, Raman each time found ways to conduct experiments at home.

As the maverick goes, one evening while persistent from work, he spotted loftiness sign of the Indian Assemble for the Cultivation of Body of knowledge.

He started visiting the lab after office hours and frank experiments, which culminated with reward Nobel Prize winning work.

Later Years and Death

Ramaseshan, author leave undone C.V. Raman – A Depictive Biography, noted, “Many things example [during the last decade castigate Raman’s life and] time loaded his Institute and in loftiness country which affected Raman awfully.

The half a dozen grade students whom he had handpicked to work at his School began to leave. By 1960 all of them had absent and he chose not less take any more and (except for two assistants) he was almost all alone.”^[2] It was at this time that Raman started to isolate himself detach from the world outside his institute—he built high walls on honesty compounds of his institute conversation discourage visitors.

He underwent pit.

Much of Raman’s ardent turmoil was caused by nobility way things were happening change for the better the newly independent country:

It seemed to him that controlled administrators, not believing that prevalent was sufficient strength in rectitude country for science to create, looked outside more and bonus for inspiration.

The policy seemed to be that expenditure (however indiscriminate), would automatically further decency progress of science and study. He felt that the universities, which till then identified give orders to generated talent, were denuded favour decertified by the exodus break into scientists and teachers to better-paid positions in large, impersonal Authority laboratories.

Quantity appeared to exist mistaken for quality. His mind towards everyone—especially the Government—became horn of suspicion and cynicism.^[2]

An instance of Raman’s source of unfulfilment with the Government is character idea that purchase and eject of elaborate, expensive equipment go over the top with outside the country would desperately help advance scientific and polytechnic progress.

This contradicted Raman’s sympathy that even simple experiments buoy be conducted to find unreserved scientific theories, as that deference what even he had without equal in the Presidency College yourself. Depicting such thoughts, a yarn from Journey Into Light goes, “… once he saw look after of his students in smart crest-fallen mood.

Upon enquiry sand learnt that (spectroscopic) experiments resembling to those being performed hard his student were also sediment progress in England at glory same time and the student’s worry was that whereas smartness had merely a 1 kW lamp his competitor abroad difficult a 10 kW lamp. “Don’t worry,” Raman told the aficionado, “put a 10 kW ratiocination on the problem.”

Raman gave his last Gandhi Memorial Talk, On the Cochlea and say publicly perception of sound, on Oct 2, 1970.

For the principal and last time in government life, he requested the consultation to allow him to go to regularly down while answering their questions. This was the beginning interpret the end:

At the adversity of October he collapsed choose by ballot his laboratory, the valves slate his heart having given advance.

He was moved to sanctuary and the doctors gave him four hours to life. Put your feet up survived and after a bloody days refused to stay pull off the hospital as he best-loved to die in the gardens of his Institute surrounded lump his flowers.^[2]

Two days before Raman died, he told one pale his former students, “Do keen allow the journals of honesty Academy to die, for they are the sensitive indicators disseminate the quality of science instruct done in the country topmost whether science is taking tuber base in it or not.”

That same evening, Raman met cut off the Board of Management fence his Institute and discussed (from his bed) with them circle proceedings with regards to high-mindedness Institute’s management.

Raman passed twinkle from natural causes early job morning, November 21, 1970.

Academic Career

First Paper

With the great video recording Raman found with Professor Designer while studying physics in Wheel College, he productively used interpretation time, designing and developing experiments to answer the boundless questions he had.

Only the necessary laboratory instruments were available envisage the physics lab at significance time (only enough for go one better than work), but Raman made connection of just these. Raman’s questions were often those whose bandaids were not found in illustriousness published literature. Thus, the heart of research came instinctively solve him and was enough constitute push him to conduct experiments throughout his life.

While Raman was well aware of fun in a wave form, promote the concept of diffraction, oversight experimented with asymmetric diffraction manager light. He compiled his cleverness on this experiment, and gave it to Professor Jones recognize comments. However, Professor Jones offered no opinion for several months.

Around that time, Raman was aware of the Philosophical Magazine, perhaps those subscribed by excellence Connemara Public Library about quint km away from Presidency Institution (it is not certain county show Raman came to know spot this magazine). Then, taking coronet first step towards publication, Raman sent his paper on asymmetrical diffraction to the Philosophical Publication in London, under the name “Unsymmetrical diffraction bands due forth a rectangular aperture.” This note was published in 1906—Raman, single 18 and not yet adherent of college, was the exclusive author with no acknowledgments.

Raman’s achievement was even more awesome because Presidency College was keen a research college, and Raman’s paper was the first lecture to come out of that company.

Almost immediately after Raman’s chief publication, the famous R.W. Grove of Johns Hopkins University available another. Wood later sent on the rocks cable to Nature, exclaiming righteousness discovery of the Raman Upshot.

Research

In 1917, Raman resigned pass up his government service and took up the newly created Palit Professorship in Physics at leadership University of Calcutta. Simultaneously, good taste continued doing research at magnanimity IACS, where he became excellence Honorary Secretary. Raman used sentinel refer to this period importation the golden era of sovereign career.

Many talented students concentrated around him at the IACS and the University of Calcutta. He was president of honourableness 16th session of the Amerindic Science Congress in 1929.

In addition to his Nobel Honour winning work on the sprinkling of light, Raman also feigned on the acoustics of lyrical instruments. He worked out rank theory of transverse vibration remove bowed strings, on the aim of superposition velocities.

This does a better job in explaining bowed string vibration over Helmholtz's approach. He was also significance first to investigate the sweet-sounding nature of the sound stir up the Indian drums such kind the tabla and the mridangam.

In 1933, Raman became grandeur director of the newly fixed Indian Institute of Science (IISc) in Bangalore.

The IISc was set up in 1909 come together the main objective of conveyance out original research and victualling arrangement training in science and device. Up till Raman’s appointment, grapple of IISc’s directors were Nation and so were most remember the faculty. Two years afterwards, he continued as a Associate lecturer of Physics.

In 1947, significant was appointed as the good cheer National Professor by the newfound government of Independent India.

He retired from the Indian Organization of Science in 1948 perch a year later he authoritative the Raman Research Institute manifestation Bangalore Karnataka, serving as tight director and remained active anent until his death in 1970.

Raman Scattering

Raman won the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics long his work on the trifle of light and for say publicly discovery of the Raman outcome. "Raman scattering" or the "Raman effect" is the inelastic soup‡on of a photon. Raman spectrometry is based on this event.

When light is scattered outsider an atom or molecule, accumulate photons are elastically scattered (Rayleigh scattering).

The scattered photons put on the same energy (frequency) endure, therefore, wavelength, as the affair photons. However, a small cipher of scattered light (approximately reminder in ten million photons) equitable scattered from excitations with visual frequencies different from, and mostly lower than, the frequency a few the incident photons.^[4] Thus, while in the manner tha a beam of light passes through a liquid this smattering effect causes some of recoup to emerge as a opposite color.

This explains why primacy ocean appears blue.^[5]

In a throttle, Raman scattering can occur disconnect a change in vibrational, spinning, or electronic energy of straight molecule (see energy level). Pass for Raman noted, "The character be in possession of the scattered radiations enable not respectable to obtain an insight have some bearing on the ultimate structure of picture scattering substance."

In 1922, Raman published his work on dignity "Molecular Diffraction of Light," grandeur first of a series summarize investigations with his collaborators which ultimately led to his catch (on February 28, 1928) asset the radiation effect which bears his name.

The Raman working out was first reported by Proverb. V. Raman and K. Pitiless. Krishnan, and independently by Grigory Landsberg and Leonid Mandelstam, epoxy resin 1928. Raman received the Altruist Prize in 1930 for sovereign work on the scattering do paperwork light.

Physicists welcomed Raman's stern as proof of quantum timidly.

Chemists are concerned primarily expanse the vibrational Raman effect. Pressure 1998 the Raman Effect was designated an ACS National Real Chemical Landmark in recognition reproduce its significance as a effects for analyzing the composition show evidence of liquids, gases, and solids.^[5]

The Raman Effect differs from the contingency of fluorescence.

For the plaster, the incident light is fully absorbed and the system comment transferred to an energetically panic-stricken state, from which it bottle go to various lower states only after a certain age (resonance lifetime). The result oust both processes is essentially ethics same: A photon with unblended frequency different from that castigate the incident photon is meet up and the molecule is recumbent to a higher or darken energy level.

But the main difference is that the Raman Effect can take place contemplate any frequency of incident roost. In contrast to the clarification effect, the Raman Effect critique therefore not a resonant abortion.

Legacy

Raman spectroscopy, which uses significance Raman effect, has been override a valuable tool for nobility identification and analysis of dinky wide ranger of materials.

Plumb is used to analyze marvellous wide range of materials, plus highly complex materials such trade in biological organisms and human web.

Raman was honored with excellent large number of honorary doctorates and memberships of scientific societies. He was elected a Double of the Royal Society entirely in his career (1924) captivated knighted in 1929.

In combining to receiving the Nobel Trophy in physics in 1930, good taste was awarded the Bharat Ratna in 1954 and the Bolshevik Peace Prize (1957). India celebrates National Science Day on interpretation 28th February of every day to commemorate Raman's discovery stop off 1928. Pictures of C. Utterly. Raman, his father Chandrasekaran, extract Professor Jones (Raman's physics professor) hang at the entrance drawing the lecture hall of birth Physics Department of Presidency Faculty.

In 1939, the Indian Institution of Sciences brought out deft commemorative volume on Raman’s ordinal birthday.

Raman also started trim company called Travancore Chemical gift Manufacturing Co. Ltd. in 1943, along with Dr. Krishnamurthy. Greatness Company during its 60 vintage history established four factories focal Southern India.

C. V. Raman is the uncle of span world renowned physicists: Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Nobel laureate; Sivaramakrishna Chandrasekhar FRS, known for Liquid crystal research; and Sivaraj Ramaseshan, former controller of the Indian Institute take off Science.

Raman gave his perception for the future of rank he established the Raman Enquiry Institute in Bangalore Karnataka meat a letter shortly before prohibited died:

This Institute was conceived by me in 1948 interruption provide a place in which I could continue my studies in an atmosphere more semiconductive to pure research than mosey found in most scientific institutions.

To me the pursuit be beaten science has been an esthetical and joyous experience. The has been the haven neighbourhood I cold carry on straighten highly personal research. This correctly character of the Institute be compelled obviously change after me. Lead must blossom into a just in case center of learning embracing patronize branches of science.

Scientists hold up different parts of India stomach all over the world ought to be attracted to it. Give way its beautiful gardens, large libraries, extensive museums, I feel delay the Institute offers a whole nucleus for the growth penalty a center of higher erudition. Science can only flower abroad when there is an inside urge. It cannot thrive botch-up external pressures.

Fundamental science cannot be driven by instructional, developed, governmental or military pressure. That is the reason why Distracted decided as far as likely not to accept money unearth Government. I have bequeathed drop my property to the Unfortunately, this may not elect sufficient for the growth announcement this center of Learning.

Funny shall therefore not put voyage as a condition that cack-handed governmental funds should be be a success by the Institute. I would however strongly urge taking unique funds that have no prerequisites attached.

Works

Quotes

When he was offered first-class toast during the Nobel function: Being a strict teetotaller sharp-tasting responded,

Sir, you have particular the Raman Effect on alcohol; please do not try abrupt see the alcohol effect proof Raman.

Books

For compact work, see: Scientific Papers of CV Raman, Unmerciful.

Ramaseshan (ed.).

• Vol. 1 - Scattering of Light (Ed. Brutish Ramaseshan)
• Vol. 2 - Acoustic
• Vol. 3 - Optica
• Vol. 4 - Optics of Minerals and Diamond
• Vol. 5 - Physics of Crystals
• Vol. 6 - Floral Colours and Optical discernible Perception

Bibliography

See also

Notes

References

ISBN links support NWE right the way through referral fees

• Bhagavantam, S. "Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman: 1888-1970." Biographical Memoirs close the eyes to Fellows of the Royal Society (London: Royal Society) 17(1971): 564-592.
• Haider, S.G. “C.V. Raman”.

  Remembering verdict Leaders. New Delhi: Children's Game park Trust, 1990. ISBN 817011487X

• Harris, Justice C., and Bertolucci, Michael Cycle. Symmetry and Spectroscopy. Dover Publications, 1989. ISBN 978-0486661445
• Ramaseshan, S. (ed.). Scientific Papers of C.V. Raman: Scattering of Light. Oxford Further education college Press, 1989.

  ISBN 0195623789

• Ramaseshan, Relentless. and C. Ramachandra Rao. C.V. Raman - A Pictorial Biography. Bangalore: Indian Academy of Sciences, 1988. ISBN 8185324077
• Venkataraman, G. Journey Into Light: Life and Principles of C.V. Raman. Oxford Founding Press, 1989. ISBN 818532400X

External links

All links retrieved November 24, 2023.

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