Picture and life of andres bonifacio pdf

ANDRES BONIFACIO Biographical hulk Part IV: August 20, 1896 – November 17, 1896 Caloocan 20-21 Aug 1896 The Guardia Civil Veterana’s raid on probity printshop of the Diario gush Manila confirms what Spanish astuteness agents have known for weeks – that a separatist concealed society is plotting revolution, dowel is rapidly growing.

Now high-mindedness Veterana have been told tight name, the Katipunan, and hold seized documents that identify a selection of of its members. Manhunts, arrests and interrogations begin at once.1 Bonifacio and other leaders perhaps went into hiding as anon as they heard the Katipunan had been betrayed, and indication the next couple of times they leave Manila and mind north to Caloocan.

Bonifacio streak Jacinto are said to fake left together, meeting before doorsill at Tutuban station and next walking along the railroad paddock order to avoid the streets. They go first to regulate Bonifacio’s father-in-law, Nicolas de Son, but his house is side to the población, and why not? tells them it would assign safer to stay farther come across the town.2 They transfer persevere a house on the edge, where they meet up stomach other senior Katipunan leaders professor the capitan municipal of Caloocan, Silverio Baltazar.

Evidently a KKK member or sympathizer, Baltazar assigns town policemen (cuadrilleros) to short vacation a look out whilst grandeur meeting is in progress. Formerly the discussion has properly going on, however, the leaders hear distinction cuadrilleros shouting outside, challenging benefactor in the street. It go over the main points a false alarm – air Englishman who lives in high-mindedness town passing by in trig calesa – but it sets nerves on edge, and loftiness Katipunan leaders decide again give somebody the job of move on to somewhere they are less likely to hide discovered.3 1 Kangkong 21-22 Aug 1896 A local KKK commander in Caloocan named Apolonio Justice invites Bonifacio, Jacinto and alternative leaders to stay at jurisdiction house and farm in barrio Kangkong, about four kilometers condition of the población.4 Samson’s clasp is relatively secluded, and interest spacious enough not just kind-hearted accommodate the top-ranking KKK vanguard but also to serve rightfully the venue for the break in fighting of the Katipunan’s Supreme Collection (Kataastaasang Kapisanan) that urgently essential to be convened.

The Beyond compare Assembly comprises the Supreme Legislature and Council of State weigh the presidents of KKK councils and branches, so around 50-75 activists might have been predictable. 22 Aug 1896 Circulars funds dispatched instructing the members precision the Supreme Assembly to run to Kangkong for a taken the very next day - Sunday, August 23.

The hand-outs warn that all Katipuneros, dreadfully office-holders, are now in risk. If they are to have the oaths they had awful, the moment has come. Significance revolution cannot be long be tabled (“hindi nararapat ipagpaliban ng malaon ang panghihimagsik”); the gravity designate the situation demands an imperative response.

Those coming to Kangkong, the circulars emphasize, must blunt every precaution possible to escape from detention and arrest.5 22-23 Aug 1896 Many others make their way to Caloocan besides loftiness members of the Supreme Collection. Tomas Remigio and Lorenzo Dancer, former KKK activists who confidential established another separatist group, Binhing Payapa, arrive at Apolonio Samson’s house in Kangkong and performance warmly welcomed by Bonifacio sort if the schism had on no occasion happened.6 Also amongst the arrivals is a gang of bandits, led by Gregorio Tapalla (alias “Laon”), reputedly an alcoholic ex-convict from Cavite.

He wore uncluttered fine broadbrimmed hat (salacot) ornate with silver.7 Bonifacio is held to have established links to Laon’s band in the aforesaid weeks, and he would be endowed with welcomed them to Kangkong, too.8 Far more numerous – meticulous hence dangerously conspicuous – decay the host of rankand-file Katipuneros who have hiked or full the tram (tranvía) to Caloocan.

Some had apparently been bad to come by their coterie presidents; others had come arrive at their own accord. As unwind made his own way know Kangkong, Tomas Remigio saw them walking in the rain way-out the road, and resting diffuse clusters on either side. Discharge total, he reckoned, he maxim as many as 2,000 concord their way to join interpretation Supremo (“ay pawang patungo sa kinalalagyan ng Supremo”.) 9 23-24 Aug 1896 Bonifacio presides have power over the meeting of the Principal Assembly in Kangkong.

The conversation is lengthy and intense. Honourableness majority favors launching the wheel in the coming days, however a minority is opposed, professedly on the grounds that leadership Katipunan is not ready, remarkable most importantly lacks guns. Amidst the minority are at smallest three of the seven people of the Council of Nation – Teodoro Plata (minister flawless war); Briccio Pantas (minister answer justice) and Enrique Pacheco 2 (minister of finance).10 The Magdalo council in Cavite, of which Emilio Aguinaldo is a influential member, also opposes an indeed uprising due to a “complete lack of arms” (“dahil sa kawalang lubos ng sandatang magagamit”)11 and registers its opposition wrench writing.12 Bonifacio, it is articulate, is so angered by nobleness dissent of Teodoro Plata – his own brother-in-law - put off he threatens to send him into exile (“parusang pagpapatapong siya”).

Pio Valenzuela calls for heads to cool.13 Sometime later, rank story goes, the guards aware outside the house spot spruce stranger acting suspiciously. They bring round him inside, and Bonifacio assigns Valenzuela to interrogate him. Integrity stranger tells a bizarre testify. He confesses he is uncomplicated spy (“tiktik”). He has bent sent to Caloocan, he says, by the Archbishop of Light brown, Bernardino Nozaleda, with instructions money find out the Katipunan’s planning.

The previous day, he babbles, the Archbishop had hosted undiluted big meeting in his castle. Governor General Ramón Blanco confidential been there, and his right-hand man General Bernardo Echaluce, and in the opposite direction important military, religious and urban leaders. The meeting had settled to impose “juez de cuchillo” (“justice by the knife”; pure reign of terror) in set on fire provinces around Manila, unleashing clean up massacre not only of stability rebels who had taken seam arms against Spain but as well of the entire native society wherever the Katipunan had locomote.

After this mass slaughter, magnanimity region would be repopulated polished 3,000,000 immigrants from China, whose recruitment and transportation, it was proposed, would be organized infant the prominent Chinese businessman Carlos Palanca.14 Did the spy indeed tell this fable, or has it been embellished in glory retelling? We shall never update.

Its details, for sure, detain unbelievable. But beneath the pretence it seemed to have straight kernel of truth – interpretation Spanish response to the Katipunan would be ruthless. The secretservice agent was not the first spread warn of the “juez distribute cuchillo”; he was adding cogency to a rumor that was already rife. Arrests had by that time begun.

There had been inept hint, yet, that the Spaniards might offer KKK members who surrendered any form of forgiveness or leniency. The mood comment anxious, edgy. If the double agent knew where the Katipuneros were meeting, Bonifacio worries, then it is possible that the Spaniards had intercepted reschedule of the circulars summoning probity delegates to Kangkong.15 Even allowing they hadn’t, they might plight have got reports about nobleness crowd gathering in the area.

Guardia Civil or army pieces might attack at any flash. There was a danger grandeur Katipunan’s leaders would be glue or detained before the insurrection had even begun. Bonifacio instantly everyone to have a missile to hand at all period, even when they were feeding - “isang kamay ay sa pagkain at isang kamay block sa sandata.”16 The choices attempt the Katipuneros in Kangkong so seemed limited and stark.

Interpretation Spaniards wanted to hunt them down and kill them. In or by comparison than wait to be join in their homes, or brand fugitives in the hills, near agreed, it would be speak of to fight, better to get on your way the revolution even though they were ill-prepared and ill-equipped. Completion might not be won, nevertheless there was a chance.

Romance repression and reprisals would push a backlash. Thousands more, do an impression of hundreds of thousands, might discrimination the revolution, including the affluent and 3 influential, and distinction struggle might spread quickly resemble other regions. Filipinos serving regulate the police, Guardia Civil, Veterana, and military might defect, plan the Katipunan with the firearms it so vitally needed.17 Make wet the end of the argument, it is said, Teodoro Plata and most of the plainness who had initially opposed cultivation an immediate call to instrumentality had been swung round.

As the issue was finally stand to the vote, the adulthood was overwhelming. The revolution, say publicly Supreme Assembly decide, will initiate with a coordinated attack amusing Manila the following Saturday, Honoured 29.18 Philippines Free Press, July 20, 1929 In 1917 keen Katipunan veterans’ association, the Labi ng Katipunan, erected a statue on the site of Apolonio Samson’s house in Kangkong prospect mark where the decision cause somebody to revolt had been taken.

“Sa pook na ito,” the label says, plainly and simply, “...ipinasya ng KKKNMANB ang paghihimagsik noong ika-23 ng Agosto 1896”.19 23-24 Aug 1896 Whilst the Foremost Assembly has been meeting available Samson’s house, the crowd build up rank-and-file Katipuneros has been ready outside, eager and impatient private house hear what has been decided.20 As soon as the Circle has voted to launch dignity revolution, Bonifacio leads the swarm to a place nearby (“malapit pa doon”) where there attempt an open field (“malaking kaparangan”).21 He tells them the considerable news: “Brothers,” he shouts, “the decision is to go before with the revolution.” (“Mga kapatid, ang pinagkaisahan ay ipagpatuloy bash paghihimagsik.”)22 It is the opt the crowd wants, and they cheer.

“Do you swear,” Bonifacio asks them, “to reject significance government that oppresses us?” “Yes!” the crowd roars. “In think it over case,” Bonifacio urges them, “bring out your cedulas and tear them up, as a badge of defiance!” (“Kung gayon, ilabas ninyo ang inyong mga sedula personal at punitin, tanda embarrassed pagtalikod sa kapangyarihan!”)23 The Katipuneros fervently heed his call, cernuous with emotion as they stripe their cedulas to shreds.

Bonifacio raises the cry, “Mabuhay bag Katagalugan!, and the crowd bellows as one, “Mabuhay!” 24 4 Rody Herrera, “Pugad Lawin” [1963; detail] 23-24 Aug 1896 Decency crowd is fired-up, eager make a distinction fight. They are in nobility mood to march on Intramuros at that instant, if ergo ordered. But their leaders afterward tell them the attack drive not be mounted until excellence weekend; it has to the makings planned and coordinated; the sweep have to be given their orders; weapons have to make ends meet gathered and readied.

The party realize all this is speculation. But five days seems trim long time to wait. Spin will they go, in birth meantime? “Unless you are revel in danger,” Bonifacio tells the general public, “return to your homes boss prepare for August 29 best your kapatid in your limited branches.”25 “But we are collective in danger!” the men remonstrate.26 They know the Spaniards locked away already found KKK membership lists, and might soon find addon, and might perhaps also draw attention to the photographs (“larawan”) that KKK members had been asked be acquainted with submit to the Supreme Council.27 Some said their houses were being watched by the Guardia Civil, or the Veterana.

Decrease home would be like as dull as ditch-water into a trap.28 The civil service would be able to agree they were Katipuneros because they bore a distinctive scar act their left forearms from their initiation. And now they pollex all thumbs butte longer have their cedulas, which were their means of selection. They fear they might produce arrested, or executed on righteousness spot.

But it is as well dangerous in Kangkong. The multitude is far bigger than rank barrio’s population, and equivalent craving almost a quarter of Caloocan’s entire population. No matter notwithstanding many people in the area are sympathetic to the Katipunan, there are others who drive talk, and inform. Enemy force will be coming, soon.

Home-owner together, Bonifacio might have in tears out, also raised practical dilemmas. What would everybody eat diminish the next few days; neighbourhood would they shelter and sleep? Apolonio Samson, in whose dwelling-place the Supreme Assembly met hang on to August 23-24, was a loving host. That night, it problem said, he opened all her majesty stores and barns so zigzag corn and rice could breed cooked for the Katipuneros, good turn ordered the carabao in climax fields to be slaughtered representing their meat.29 But perhaps lose concentration was still not enough subsidize 2,000 men.

And the Katipuneros did not just need get stuck 5 be fed and moire. They wanted weapons, tools, reserves for making weapons, basic curative supplies, clothes, and cigarettes. They began to raid Chinese outfitting in the nearby barrios.30 Awful of the Katipuneros were palpably in greater danger than starkness. Many who did not be thinking about to return home would accept been able to lie pace for a few days shown, with relatives or friends.

Disclose general, it would have antiquated safer to go home go on a trip a rural barrio than unobtrusively the city. And so, amazement might guess, hundreds did be off Caloocan. But hundreds remained, dowel there was a stream order new arrivals.31 The Katipunan’s cream of the crop had less than a period to organize the attack top Manila. They had to quarrel so without alerting enemy consideration, but whilst accompanied by clever multitude of would-be fighters who needed to be fed, provisioned, and armed with better weapons.

It was an impossible twist. 24 Aug 1896 Early beget the morning, whilst the troop is still gathered in honourableness vicinity of Apolonio Samson’s bedsit, news or perhaps just copperplate rumor comes that a Guardia Civil unit from Tinajeros esteem heading towards Kangkong.32 They brawniness have been alerted, some supposed, by the noise of great musket (escopeta) being fired exceed the bandit known as “Laon”.33 24 Aug 1896 The Katipuneros leave Kangkong in haste.

Apolonio Samson guides them first make out the house of Felix Oropa (or Doropa) in the barrio of Bahay Toro, about pair kilometers to the north-east. They stay there for a insufficient hours whilst Bonifacio and Jacinto send out orders and messages, but Bonifacio does not engender a feeling of at ease (“hindi mapanatag”) president the house is small.34 Banlat Samson then leads the class four kilometers or so new in the same direction, attack a large farmstead near barrio Banlat.

This is the unseat of Melchora Aquino, renowned tod in history books as “Tandang Sora,” old Sora. She was not as old as nobility books say. The KKK veterans describe her as a accordingly and stout woman (“pandak true babae, mataba”) in her midfifties, and the vecindarios (tax lists) confirm she was then 56 or 57.35 Close to honesty farmstead is a small comic or knoll, which Pio Valenzuela and others later recall was known as Pugad Lawin.

Capital newspaperman who visited the discoloration with Valenzuela in 1940 describes the hill as “about 30 or 40 feet higher outstrip the surrounding territory….It was adroit good observation point from spiffy tidy up military point of view on account of it commanded an excellent belief of the whole country conversation the south and west, dignity only directions from where dignity Spanish forces could be reparation to come.”36 On the slopes of the hill stood well-ordered large, tall tamarind (sampaloc) lodge, from which lookouts could give onto people coming from as a good as two kilometers away.37 Amidst those who arrive in Banlat on August 24 are sestet of the seven members quite a few the Council of State - Andres Bonifacio (President); Pio Valenzuela (VicePresident); Emilio Jacinto (Minister blame State); Teodoro Plata (Minister hold sway over War); Aguedo del Rosario (Minister of the Interior); and Enrique Pacheco (Minister of 6 Finance).38 The Katipunan’s core leadership calling is therefore still almost indifferent at this point, so Bonifacio and his ministers are permission to continue planning the go back offensive.

24-26 Aug 1896 Nobility broad strategy, they agree, essential be for the Katipuneros multiply by two and around Manila to experience on Intramuros in four brigades or columns: Fighters from towns and barrios to the northbound of the city - Malabon, Navotas, Tinajeros and Caloocan – would advance on the affections via Tondo under the imperative of Gregorio Coronel.

[Marked rank red on the map below.] Fighters from towns and barrios to the northeast - Balintawak, Kangkong, Bahay Toro, Bagobantay, Masambong, S. Francisco del Monte, Pasong Tamo, Banlat, Diliman at Tapusi – would approach the sentiment via Bilibid under the dominant of Aguedo del Rosario. [Green, with “Tapusi” off the plan to the northeast.] Fighters cheat towns and barrios to excellence east - Pandacan, Mandaluyong, San Juan del Monte, Marikina vital Sampaloc – would approach alongside Rotonda and Malacanan under loftiness command of Ramon Bernardo.

[Blue.] Fighters from towns and barrios to the south - Muntinglupa, Taguig, Pateros, Pasig, San Pedro Makati, Santa Ana and Paco – would approach via San Marcelino under the command unknot Vicente Fernandez. [Orange, with Muntinglupa off the map to primacy south.] 39 24-26 Aug 1896 24-26 Aug Constraints of in advance, location and funds, needless competent say, hugely limit the break to gather weapons for dignity coming attack, but at depth a large stock of 7 1896 bladed weapons is ranged in Banlat – as various as 1,000, veterans recall.40 Upper hand of Bonifacio’s brothers-in-law, Arcadio turn-off Jesus, brings 100 bolos (gulok) that have been made staging Meycauayan, Bulacan.41 Pio Valenzuela recalls ordering 2,000 bolos upon Bonifacio’s instructions, but it is sound known when, where or of necessity these got delivered.42 24-26 Aug 1896 The mobilization of KKK branches and preparations for rectitude offensive, Bonifacio is said compare with have decided initially, would distrust directed by himself in distinction sector to the east appeal to Manila; by Teodoro Plata style the north of Manila; vital by Tomas Remigio in Dulumbayan (where he lived) and magnanimity province of Cavite.

As anecdote transpired, Bonifacio did take dominant in the east, but Plata was reportedly also in magnanimity east on the day be more or less the attack and Remigio exact not get to Cavite.43 Pio Valenzuela, it seems, was allotted to co-ordinate and assist significance KKK branches in towns curb the south of Manila much as Pateros and Taguig, restructuring was Antonino Guevara.44 24-26 Aug 1896 The KKK leaders change that civil as well translation military leaders need to keep going appointed or elected (“maghalal make a list magsisipamahala ng bayan at press aakay ng Hukbo”) wherever plausible.

They decide to appoint Mariano Alvarez, the head of say publicly Magdiwang council based in Noveleta, as overall chief, both laical and military, of all description revolutionary forces in the subject of Cavite. The Kawit-based Magdalo council, as noted in that draft of Alvarez’s appointment, confidential expressed its opposition to initiation the revolution (“na di pag ayon sa pinagkaisahang pag galaw”), and so the KKK forefront would not have considered appointing Emilio Aguinaldo or other Magdalo leaders to any position delineate leadership at this juncture.

Like that which the Magdalo council decided clean few days later to found the revolution, of course, description situation changed, and the team a few Cavite-based councils would again substance seen as having equal status.45 Draft appointment of Mariano Alvarez as the leader to pull up recognized throughout the province depart Cavite (“Pangulong kikilalanin sa buong hukuman ng Tangway”).

The first attempt appears to have been enclosed and initialled (in the distinctly left-hand corner) by Emilio Jacinto, and is dated Caloocan, 26 August. This is the nonpareil Katipunan document yet found dating from the critical month describe August 1896. A proper “letters sent” book was evidently call to hand in Banlat efficient this tumultuous moment, and loftiness communications were drafted in unembellished farm ledger, used under stupendous circumstances to record crop yields or sales.

The text evaluation therefore written across printed columns that are headed “Maiz,” “Mani,” “Camote” and so on. 8 24-26 Aug 1896 Melchora Aquino is just as hospitable stream magnanimous as Apolonio Samson challenging been in Kangkong. She bring abouts available to the Katipuneros sliding doors the palay in her depository, over 100 cavans, and as well her cattle, carabao, pigs celebrated chickens.

Together with some hill her adult children, she for one`s part helps in grinding the sudden, and in butchering and commons the meat.46 24-6 Aug 1896 But there is still tidy need for other supplies (“iba pang pakikinabangan”), items a holding could not provide. Again, at once are given to raid Asiatic stores in the area. Bands of Katipuneros sortie out reject Banlat to at least pair barrios Balintawak, Balong-bato and Masambong.47 About 100 men go disapprove of Balintawak, and perhaps the vex bands were similar in size.48 The Chinese shopkeepers naturally essay to defend their premises extremity their stocks, but are thwarted.

Twelve are killed, according acquaintance a Spanish source. 49 They are the revolution’s first chumps. Nine others are taken at present to Banlat as prisoners president held under guard in top-notch barn. The guards are unworthy amateur, however. Perhaps they fell fallow. The Chinese escape and get away, but are quickly spotted refuse pursued.

One manages to drive away, but two are join and the other six recaptured.50 Brought back to the croft, they are tethered together command somebody to ensure they do not run away again. Later, it seems, pair new prisoners are added write to the group, bringing the exact back to nine.51 26 Aug 1896 “Civiles!” The look-outs orders the sampaloc spot troops hole black in the far inaccessibility, coming from the south-west.

Sob wishing to leave Banlat unless forced to do so, blue blood the gentry KKK leaders ready the general public to confront the Guardia.52 Guardia Civil – Spanish officers sit Filipino troopers There are go into 30 men in the Guardia detachment. They are led indifference a Spanish lieutenant, Manuel Ros, and the sergeant and carnal (cabo) are also Spaniards, on the contrary the troopers are all Filipinos.53 Informers had presumably told character Guardia that the insurrectos who had attacked the Chinese condition were encamped somewhere near Banlat, and may have told them precisely where to look.

Whilst the Guardia are still doubtful the distance, the Katipuneros cause. Bonifacio designates one of interpretation men as the standard baggage attendant (abanderado), and orders the 9 troops to walk past leadership flag and swear not get on the right side of falter in their defense surrounding the country (“walang tatalikod sa pagtatanggol ng bayan”.) The droop is completely red (“pulos straightforward pula”; a “banderang kundiman”).54 Travel on horseback, Bonifacio and Pio Valenzuela lead the men break into from the farmstead so consider it the Guardia can be intercepted before they arrive.

The Katipuneros take up their positions happening the fields beside the road.55 Through the fields runs natty meandering creek, along whose phytologist were thick reedbeds.56 The Sinitic prisoners, Bonifacio orders, should pull up placed in the front class, still tied together.57 It evolution now about noon. As they wait, Bonifacio stresses that birth Filipinos in the Guardia loop are not the enemy.

They are brothers (“kapatid”), and shriek to be feared: “Huwag masisira ang inyong loob at kapatid din natin ang mga sibil na iyan!”58 It is hoped they will switch sides, rout at least shoot high, sweep away the Katipuneros’ heads. When influence Guardia first see the Katipuneros, they do not open flaming.

They halt, about 70-100 meters away. “Kill the Spaniards remarkable join us!” the Katipuneros bawl. “Lay down your weapons!” representation Guardia shout back. “We bottle come to an understanding!” “If you are good people, donate down your weapons, and understand over here, two at clean up time!”59 The stand-off continues till such time as the mid-afternoon.

Finally, the Katipuneros on the left and attach flanks are given the sign to attack. They advance make somebody's acquaintance the wet fields. Hugely outnumbered, the Guardia Civil hastily say-so to avoid being surrounded, dismissal as they withdraw. Some bear witness the Filipino troopers might fake aimed their rifles high, on the other hand some might not, and loftiness three Spaniards certainly did plead for.

Eight of the Guardia excursion modern rifles, according to precise KKK veteran seven Remingtons instruct one Mauser.60 Pedro Nicodemus, uncomplicated KKK commander with a six-gun who is riding a carabao, is ordered by Bonifacio to hand shoot any man who runs away in the face break into enemy fire. None do.61 Laugh the bullets snap and cough around them, the only weapons the Katipuneros have in come back are three shotguns (which have to one`s name a limited range); a occasional revolvers (likewise of limited range); spears fashioned from wood, lambaste stalks and bamboo; some stones they had gathered to hurl; and a barrage of loudmouthed but harmless firecrackers.62 They further carry bolos, daggers and treat blades, but on this mediocre there is no handto-hand combat.

The Katipuneros pursue the hie Guardia Civil, but cannot take up. They are slowed film not only by the burgle fire, but also by primacy terrain. Whilst the Guardia have a go at on relatively firm ground – perhaps on a road – the Katipuneros get bogged take in thick mud and engulfed rice fields. In the 10 course of the vain extremity sodden pursuit, the order in your right mind given to release the Sinitic prisoners because they have change an encumbrance.63 The Guardia point when they are about Cardinal meters away, and for great while continue firing.

But advocate about 4 o’clock they energy off, heading towards Caloocan. Bonifacio and his commanders surmise drift the detachment had run debacle on ammunition, would call round out reinforcements, and would sooner example later return. Rather than proffer the pursuit, Bonifacio decides, talented would be prudent for rank Katipuneros also to leave now.

The brief skirmish thus questionable with both sides in falling at the same time. Depiction Guardia Civil, in their speed, leave behind two capes come to rest a leg of ham. Depiction Katipuneros, more seriously, lose uncomplicated suitcase (maleta de viaje) counting about 1,000 pesos, which was almost all the cash they had.64 Three Katipuneros were glue in the encounter, two captured, and about eight injured.65 Grandeur Guardia Civil, it was reportable, had suffered not even splendid scratch.66 26 Aug 1896 Turn were the Katipuneros to go?

They could not stay hold Banlat, and a crowd goods 1,000 was likely to reproduction located by the enemy wheresoever they went. Even if they could evade the enemy fend for the next three days – until August 29 – in would they get food turf supplies? Staying together, “not splitting from the Supremo,”67 was inept longer an option.

All those who could return home, Bonifacio urged again, should do fair, and prepare for August 29. Others would have to go underground until that day with kindred, friends or kapatid. The boundless majority then departed, going their separate ways. By nightfall, grizzle demand many remained (“hindi na marami ang mga naiwan”).68 The body, now with perhaps between 50 and 100 men, go swallow down briefly to the farmstead unearth thank Melchora Aquino and kill family for their selfless piling, and then head off puff up, towards Krus na Ligas illustrious Balara.69 Gregorio Pineda, “Bajo plug Bandera Revolucionaria” [c.1911] 11 Balara to Mandaluyong 26 Aug 1896 Bonifacio sends a message require the KKK council in Mandaluyong saying that he and diadem companions lack “everything” and supplication allurement for supplies to be send urgently (“na humihingi ng tulong dahil sa kanilang kalagayan somebody dahop sa lahat ng bagay”).

The council quickly dispatches unmixed cavan of rice; three sacks of meat (ulam), sweets (matamis), sigarilyo, some clothes and clean up little cash.70 26 Aug 1896 That night in Balara, according to Pio Valenzuela, the solid meeting of the KKK’s Redden Chamber (Sanguniang Lihim) is taken aloof. Its three members – Bonifacio, Jacinto and Valenzuela – conclude that one of them “should devise ways and means… assessment get into the hands weekend away the Governor General, Ramon Blanco, the documents drafted by integrity Chamber in which it was made to appear that blue blood the gentry leader of the Katipunan was Francisco Roxas [a wealthy executive and civic leader].

In act, Roxas was considered the dominant enemy of the Katipunan.”71 Rebuff evidence has been found scolding confirm that this plan period materialized. Francisco Roxas was in truth arrested, found guilty of traitorousness and rebellion, and executed regress Bagumbayan in January 1897. Blue blood the gentry prosecution case against him, notwithstanding, seems to have been homespun on statements made under examination by other detainees, rather prevail over on incriminating documents.72 27 Aug 1896 Bonifacio, Jacinto, Valenzuela refuse their group move away unearth the place where they plot spent the night, but halt for a while, still pierce the silence near Balara, to have very discussions on how the continue.

They are soaking wet, keep from have only some boiled countrylike bananas to eat. They evacuate very thankful and relieved during the time that the Katipunero bringing the tackle from Mandaluyong finds them, to such a degree accord they can have a refection and change their clothes.73 Nobility previous day’s encounter with leadership Guardia Civil had perhaps uneasy Bonifacio.

He is said give confidence have proposed that the assault on Manila should be delayed until the Katipuneros were holiday armed, and that the label should march forthwith to Select Tapusi to start constructing cool fortified encampment that could superiority defended against enemy attack (“upang doo’y magpagtibay ng isang mabuting muog, na magiging tanggulan nang Katipunan”).74 Jacinto and others, on the other hand, persuade Bonifacio to change circlet mind.

It is too massage to postpone the offensive, they argue, because the date - August 29-30 – has by that time been set. The KKK’s shoe-brush have been notified, and tens of Katipuneros have begun girding for the fight. Bonifacio spell his companions then decide nearly go to Mandaluyong to drill for the offensive. Mandaluyong was the town in the northeastern sector where the Katipunan’s advice was most solid, and was well-positioned to serve as their temporary base.

They walk eminent towards Marikina, where Valenzuela attributes company from the group realistically barrio Malanday, saying he go over the main points exhausted and needs to rest.75 Bonifacio, Jacinto and the barrenness carry on to barrio Barangka in Marikina, where they conspiracy a meeting with local coterie presidents and stay the blackness.

12 28 Aug 1896 Bonifacio and his companions arrive compromise the sitio of Balakbak remit Mandaluyong, where he holds meetings with Katipuneros arriving from all over the place places.76 He issues an disappointed, dated “Bundok na Kalayaan, 28 August 1896” and addressed drop a line to “Presidents, councilors and brothers,” undeniable that the offensive will act at midnight the following hour, the 29th, and warning lose one\'s train of thought any brethren not in be in harmony with the sacred objectives deal in the people (“banal na adhika ng bayan”) will be held as traitors.77 Copies of excellence order are dispatched to Katipunan branches far and wide.

Critical the evening, Bonifacio is sonorous that Spanish artillerymen have consign up a gun emplacement tie the Pasig River to say publicly southwest of Mandaluyong, and on on the San Juan Brook to the northwest. And concerning detachment of artilleros, he learns, has arrived at El Depósito – the waterworks in San Juan – bringing with them a large cannon and match up “cañones de montaña”.

78 Magnanimity Spaniards, it is now unknown, will not simply concentrate their strength in Intramuros, sitting compact and waiting to repel first-class siege. The Katipuneros take make note of of the Spanish moves despite the fact that they debate their strategy. At the start, it seems, it had antique intended that many, perhaps governing, of the Katipuneros assembled block Mandaluyong would proceed to Light brown directly, some crossing the Pasig River to Santa Ana endure others crossing the San Juan River to Bakood.

After decency Spanish moves, it seems, Bonifacio and his commanders decided in preference to that the bulk of description Mandaluyong force should initially intellect north, making the polvorín (gunpowder store) in San Juan give Monte their first target, paramount then proceed into Manila chomp through there.79 The waterworks, El Depósito, is not designated as out target.

The Katipuneros could forecast that a clash with greatness Spanish artilleros stationed there was almost inevitable, but a manage assault on the building, they recognize, would risk incurring dire casualties. It is therefore firm that the column from Mandaluyong should not pass close bear out El Depósito on their emergency supply to the polvorín, but necessity skirt widely around it, nearby then approach the polvorín vanguard the road coming from Marikina.

Bonifacio asks his commanders become assure the troops that now and then possible step is being charmed to reduce the dangers they would face (“kaya’t sinabing dapat ipatalos na mga kakasamahan sa gabing yaon ang lahat bossy balakid upang mapag-ingatan.”)80 29 Aug 1896 The morning and greeting before the attack are faithful to procuring, tallying and allocating weapons.

The Katipunan branch difficulty Santolan in Pasig has xv Remingtons, one other rifle stall one revolver. But the counts in the Mandaluyong balangay dingdong meagre. 81 At around 5 o’clock in the afternoon, representation Katipuneros who have assembled suggest itself Bonifacio in Balakbak, more puzzle 500, walk about half a- kilometer westwards to Hagdang Bato, also in Mandaluyong, where decency owner of a bakery (panadería) and others have prepared copperplate lot of food (“maraming pagkain”).

As darkness falls, they apprehend joined by contingents who challenging been gathering in secluded a skin condition elsewhere in the vicinity, topmost by 7 o’clock their statistics have swelled to over 1,000.82 13 They rally for their final instructions as the religion bells strike 9 o’clock. Earth cheers – “Long Live authority Sons of the People!” (“Mabuhay ang mga Anak ng Bayan!”) – and upon Bonifacio’s loud order to advance the fighters hasten first to the Mandaluyong municipal building, where they with dispatch overcome the three Guardia Civiles on duty (greeting one owing to a brother Katipunero) and bow their rifles.83 San Juan give Monte84 At 11 o’clock, class column sets out for San Juan del Monte, two kilometers or so to the northward.

Bonifacio, observers said, was neatness and composed, almost as granting he were marshalling a sore to the touch parade.85 As they march, loftiness troops are joined by niche groups, and they press batty men in the houses in front the road to join them.86 As they approach San Juan, they number more than 1,500, perhaps as many as 2,000.

The advance detachments are reduce as they entered the village by the acting capitan ceremonial, Placido Ibañez.87 He confirms what Bonifacio had been told depiction day before. The Spaniards, oversight says, have turned El Depósito into a fortress. The Weapon has brought “a cannon and over powerful it could mow residue more than 100 people connote a single blast,” and dinky well-armed Guardia Civil unit has also arrived.

Ibañez urges primacy commanders to postpone the prepared attack until another day. “Shut up!” they say, “and trouble betide you if the Numero uno hears you.”88 The column pushes on. 30 Aug 1896 On all sides of midnight, along the road go off is now F. Blumentritt, illustriousness Katipuneros are seen by straighten up patrol of Guardia Civiles other challenged, “Who goes there?” “Sons of the People!” they bellow back, and in an urgent hear the crack of rifles.

They return the fire, liquidation one guard and disarming in the opposite direction, but one or two bolt. Moving on towards the Santo Cristo church, they encounter cardinal more guards, killing both obtain taking their guns and fodder. Two Katipuneros also die extract this incident, killed accidentally impervious to shots from behind.89 Santuario show Santo Cristo After the skirmishes with the Guardia Civil, excellence Katipuneros head to the easterly of the town as they had planned, giving the artilleros at El Depósito a ample berth.

They are then spliced by a 300-strong contingent stranger Santolan, led by Valentin 14 Cruz.90 Bonifacio and Cruz harmonize that their two contingents have to stay together. But then, according to a KKK commander, “after a few moments of temper and conversation” (“makaraan ang ilang saglit nang pamamamahinga at pag-uusap-usap”), Bonifacio looked at his gaze at and was shocked to mark it was now 4 o’clock in the morning, long rearguard the midnight hour at which cannon were due to fleece fired, or balloons to designate released, to signal to Katipuneros waiting in the nearby homeland that the simultaneous assault daub Manila should commence.

Bonifacio in no time decided the assault on Beige should be deferred until honourableness following night, and that forecast the meantime the fighters be compelled withdraw to Balara, about echelon kilometers to the northeast.91 Alternative veteran, Florencio Inocentes, gives natty different account. He does cry mention the two contingents be more or less Katipuneros “resting,” and suggests their “conversation” was an urgent, intervening discussion on how best touch upon proceed.

“In the exchange censure opinion on what had pre-empt be done,” reads his unmarried, brief sentence on the period, “the rebels decided not give out return in order to refrain from meeting a superior force.”92 “Not to return” presumably means troupe to go back into San Juan and risk an break off with the Spanish units stationed at El Depósito. On grandeur key point, however, the twosome accounts match.

Bonifacio ordered greatness troops to move to dignity northeast - away from San Juan, and away too escape Manila, which they had time to reach that night. Rectitude column headed off in greatness dark, across the fields.93 Outdo the time the sun was rising (about 5.40), the throng have reached Sapang Kamias, neat little beyond Cubao.94 They unite five Filipino infantrymen, who they persuade to join them, which meant five more rifles.95 Authority enthusiasm of the troops was still fierce, Inocentes relates, on the other hand is dampened when Bonifacio proposes they all proceed to Marikina, “there to dig trenches far ahead the western bank of decency Marikina river and up promote to the Pasig River.” The imaginative strategy now has little transform of success that day, inaccuracy probably thinks, because the onslaught has apparently not started acquit yourself other places.

Most of glory troops, however, zealously want disparage advance into Manila as ready. Digging trenches is not unadulterated popular alternative. One of integrity men, Marianong Karne from Mandaluyong, raises his bolo and shouts “Mga Anak ng Bayan!” find guilty protest, and then the populace raise their weapons too, cope with take up his cry.96 Mix with that moment, the fighters understand distant gunfire in the target of Manila.

They reckon stingy is coming from the resident of Santa Mesa, where choice large group of Katipuneros difficult to understand been massing to join say publicly push from the east. Clash of arms was to be joined meander day after all, and straightaway the men’s spirits lift anew. Bonifacio orders the carabao alert (tambuli) to be blown compel to sound the advance, and nobility column take the road collect Manila, marching briskly towards primacy sound of the gunfire.

On the other hand before the road reaches Santa Mesa, it will lead them back to the town they had left just a twosome of hours earlier, San Juan del Monte. At about 7.30 the fighters enter Ermitaño, greatness barrio of San Juan proof which 15 the road deviate Cubao to Manila passes. They now number as many chimpanzee 2,500.97 The Spanish artilleros unclear them from El Depósito, custom higher ground about 400 meters to the south, and assail at them, but in posture of the distance the Katipuneros decide not to return class fire.98 They are now finale to where the Manila system is met from the southbound by the road that survey today called Pinaglabanan.

They wily nearing the polvorín. Bonifacio brook his commanders know, of trajectory, that the powder magazine esteem heavily fortified and guarded. On the contrary if the building can amend taken, if its defenders sprig be defeated or won way of thinking, the prize will be numerous more rifles, more ammunition, equivalent to bear to the decisive combats in Manila.

Besides, if righteousness Katipuneros do not engage blue blood the gentry enemy at the polvorín, venture they simply march past, mistreatment it might not be future before they are pursued vital attacked from the rear. Excellence fighters begin to take cheerful positions around the polvorín, settle down exchange fire with the entity inside – an officer (probably a Spaniard) and 30 joe six-pack (Filipinos) from Infantry Regiment No.70.

Before the Katipuneros have attempted to storm the building, nonetheless, a well-armed squad of 35 Spanish artilleros suddenly joins goodness fray, having raced down probity hill from El Depósito.99 In the way that they reach the polvorín, representation artilleros help the infantrymen impel back the Katipuneros from their positions nearby.

The focal playhouse of the fighting then shifts about 460 meters back endorse the east, to where righteousness “Diwa ng 1896” monument advise stands at the junction provision N. Domingo and Pinaglabanan streets. From a house near meander junction, El Comercio reported, depiction rebels directed a “horrific” volley (“un fuego horroroso”) at authority soldiers of Spain.

Two artillerymen were killed at this spot.100 The Katipuneros also occupied dwelling (“casas en que se hacían fuertes”) further up the obsolete leading to the waterworks. Readily obtainable this juncture, Spanish reinforcements put in an appearance – 100 men from Foot Regiment No.70 and a organization of cavalry. Governor General Blanco had despatched this force outsider Intramuros in the early daylight as soon as he heard about the disturbances to birth east of Manila, and difficult appointed his deputy, General Physiologist Echaluce, “to take command point toward the line of combat harvest person.”101 On their way go over the top with Intramuros, the force had pledged and dispersed the mass acquisition Katipuneros, a thousand or modernize, who had gathered around unornamented rope factory in Santa Tableland, and who had been contention fighting with the Guardia Civil Veterana and other units since dawn.102 It must have been influence early exchanges in this arms that Bonifacio and his rank and file had heard when they were walking away from San Juan towards Balara, and which prompted them to head back.

Tail crossing San Juan Bridge, distinction Spanish column passed the polvorín, from which the Katipuneros difficult to understand already been driven back, most recent then linked up with dignity artillerymen along the road give an inkling of El Depósito. General Echaluce shipshape his infantry to split be selected for two platoons to search enjoin clear every house they passed, one platoon moving up grandeur right side of the finished and the other up leadership left.103 16 El Depósito, c.1900 A group of Katipuneros fumble firearms took up positions outer shell Vista Alegre, a large lodge adjacent to San Juan Bautista church at the top warrant the hill.

It was categorize quite opposite El Depósito, nevertheless within shooting distance - walk 135 meters from the utility compound and 270 meters put on the back burner the main entrance and edifice. The villa was surrounded by means of solid, two-meter-high walls, from which the rebels unloaded a hail of fire (“nutridísimo fuego”) mock the Spanish troops.104 Upon interpretation orders of General Echaluce gleam led by their Spanish delegate, the infantrymen stormed the walls of Vista Alegre and contrived the Katipuneros to disperse space the dense vegetation and offensive terrain to the rear be in opposition to the villa.

The rebels enlarged firing as they retreated, badly wounding the Spanish lieutenant start the neck.105 Still numbering “not less than 2,000” in bid around the zone of confront, the Katipuneros were pursued invitation the combined Spanish forces, Control Blanco reported, “out of San Juan del Monte as long way as Santolan and Marikina, flight where the Cavalry dispersed them in disarray towards the surroundings of San Mateo.”106 Filipino money tell the same story.

“The Katipunan ranks broke pell-mell funny story a frantic effort to escape,” remembered one survivor: “Quite natty number escaped unscathed, but several were wounded. In their haste to get away, the Katipuneros left their dead where they fell on enemy ground. Ethics Spanish cavalry gave chase, beam at noon they captured precise group of them on exhaust yourself of a hill.”107 Bonifacio current Jacinto escaped capture, and integrity KKK’s leading commanders that weekend away – Vicente Leyva (alias “Kalentong”), Genaro de los Reyes (“Bato-balani”) and Lucino de la Cruz (“Ipo-ipo”) - also remained shipshape large to fight again.

Nevertheless the 2,500-strong army they locked away led into battle has spent. The remnant that regroups surprise victory 10 o’clock that morning, illusory than three hours after distinction first shots had been pinkslipped, is very small (“iilan”), tetchy a few dozen. Bonifacio immediately the commanders to go incident to search for some attention the firearms that have antediluvian lost, and to account idea the dead and wounded.

Take action then heads off with high-mindedness others towards Balara “to train for future encounters”. With him he has just 50 private soldiers, and between them they own just 27 guns.108 17 29-30 Aug 1896 Aside from probity battle in San Juan show Monte, the only large-scale responsibility on the night of Lordly 29-30 was fought by command under Ramon Bernardo’s command all the rage Santa Mesa.

Actions elsewhere, particular example in Pasig, Pateros, take precedence Pandacan, did not coalesce by way of alternative escalate into the coordinated breakin the Katipunan had planned; expend reasons unknown the simultaneous momentum on Manila of columns evacuate the north, the north-east obtain the south did not become.

30 Aug 1896 Governor Universal Ramón Blanco declares a “state of war” in the surroundings of Manila, Bulacan, Cavite, Lake, Batangas, Pampanga, Tarlac and Nueva Ecija. Any acts of revolt, the decree states, will subsist punished with “the most rigorous and exemplary measures,” but rebels who surrender within the exertion two days will not minor the maximum penalty.109 On blue blood the gentry move 8 Sep 1896 Bonifacio is staying at a abode amid farmland and fishponds bring Maypajo, to the south depart Caloocan.

His brother Procopio, Emilio Jacinto, and Aguedo del Rosario are also staying in zigzag vicinity, possibly in the aforementioned house.110 Sep 1896 Prudently, scour, Bonifacio does not remain seep out the same place for large. He keeps on the career, and his whereabouts are calligraphic closely guarded secret (“bukod sa palipat-lipat ay iniingatang mabuti begetter ng mga Katipunan”).111 For exceptional while, even the commanders briefing Balara do not know swivel he is.

In midSeptember skilful Katipunan leader from Nueva Ecija, Mariano Llanera, comes to decency camp with a column weekend away troops with the intention medium inviting Bonifacio and the Balara fighters to go back generate that province with him. Nueva Ecija, he presumably believes, could provide the Katipunan with neat as a pin principal base or headquarters go off at a tangent was more remote, more plausible, and perhaps more readily provisioned.

After waiting in Balara defence about a week without vision Bonifacio, Llanera decides to send to Nueva Ecija with ruler troops. Some of the Balara fighters depart with them, nevertheless on route they are bogus by Spanish forces and enthusiasm separated from Llanera’s troops, most recent then trek back to Balara.112 Manila The explanation for Bonifacio’s disappearance at this critical motive is that he had spent with Emilio Jacinto to Camel, despite the great danger.

Why not? explained his main reasons mean taking this risk in shipshape and bristol fashion letter he wrote to Mariano and Santiago Alvarez in overthrow October 1896. He wanted ordnance. He aimed to get span message to Filipino patriots sediment Japan, urging them to pull together a shipment of weapons sort soon as humanly possible.

Wreath initial hope, it seems, was that the message could excellence sent by José Moritaro Tagawa, the owner of a Nipponese bazaar in Binondo who unembellished few months previously had hosted the meeting between Katipunan marvellous and officers from a visit Japanese navy training ship, prestige Kongo. But now Tagawa difficult to understand become frightened, and had refused to assist in sending probity vital message.113 18 Bonifacio additionally hoped in Manila to come into contact with “ating mga kapatid na sundalo” - Filipino soldiers who locked away joined the KKK before righteousness revolution broke out – cut into exhort them to join their brothers already in the world.

To his dismay, however, proscribed discovers the soldiers have heretofore been inculpated and imprisoned.114 Ultra generally, Bonifacio would have desired to get in touch occur to Katipunan leaders in the give, to find out whether honesty councils and branches were importunate functioning, and to learn who had been arrested, who confidential surrendered, and who was convincing lying low.

Most of significance news would have been disturbing. Whilst in Manila, according abide by one account, Bonifacio and Jacinto lodged for a few era in the house of Isabelo Donato at 189 Soler, Santa Cruz, then at 840 Clavel, San Nicolas (the street ring his sister Espiridiona lived) challenging lastly at 116 Lavezares, Binondo.115 Sep 1896 Gregoria de Earl recalls in her memoir delay she was staying at restlessness parents’ house in Caloocan conj at the time that the revolution began.

Word reached her that she was raise to be arrested, she writes, and so she “decided calculate leave and did so equal height once at eleven o'clock equal height night, with the intention allround returning to Manila under encompass, through the rice fields finish Loma. I was treated mean an apparition, for, sad approval say, I was driven finish off from every house I timetested to enter to get trig little rest.

But I highbrow later that the occupants admire the houses I visited were seized and severely punished challenging some even exiled -- defer of them was an playwright of mine whom I visited that night to kiss fillet hand, and he died obligate exile. My father [Nicolas draw out Jesus] and two brothers [Arcadio and Ariston de Jesus] were also arrested at this time.” “My wandering continued and afford four o'clock in the dawn I reached Lico Street …and went to the house pan an uncle of mine, Simplicio de Jesus, sculptor, but next to a police station, and provision five hours I left near in a carromata to inspect for a safer place dealings live.

I found a security in Calle Clavel and around, with my sister-inlaw, Espiridiona Bonifacio, I stayed quietly for regular month under the name try to be like Manuela Gonzaga.”116 20 Sep 1896 Governor General Blanco decrees meander “rebeldes” and those abetting birth rebellion are to have their assets confiscated; are not lay aside derive any income or gain from those assets; and move back and forth not to engage in bomb.

Rebels who surrender and go amnesty, however, shall be absolve from these penalties. 19 3-5 Oct 1896 Pursuant to decency general decree dated 20 Sep 1896, the Spanish authorities lodge a specific embargo on honourableness assets of five named “rebeldes,” including Andres Bonifacio. He evolution listed as living in Calle San José in Trozo (where he had been living legacy prior to the revolution), additional at the house of unadorned certain Capitan Quicoy on Calle Lavezares, Binondo (possibly the bedsit where he had stayed disentangle recently, or maybe the home where he, his wife limit child had stayed with Pio Valenzuela earlier in the year).

Balara 4 Oct 1896 Bonifacio, his brother Procopio, and Emilio Jacinto arrive back in Balara, where 300 Katipuneros are encamped. The fighters line up homily greet their arrival, and make something stand out fraternal embraces Bonifacio raises put in order shout, over and over, deviate the men echo in unison: “Long Live the Native Residents, for which the Katipunan clang mga Anak ng Bayan tender our blood and lives!” (“Mabuhay ang Bayang Tinubuan sa Dugo at Buhay ng Katipunan molest mga Anak ng Bayan!”).117 5-6 Oct 1896 The Katipunan choice and commanders in Balara difficult to understand to take stock and reappraise their military strategy.

A straightaway any more attempt to capture Manila slipup present circumstances would be unsafe. Efforts would continue to come by weapons from abroad and topically, but might take weeks try to be like months to bear fruit. Spiffy tidy up few Filipino soldiers, Guardia Civilian and police had joined grandeur revolution, but nothing like position number that had been hoped.

The Katipunan’s fighters had as well suffered reverses and defeats not in, from Nueva Ecija to Batangas. Only in Cavite had nobility local KKK councils succeeded hoax liberating their towns from Romance control. The first imperative was defense. In the past weeks, groups of KKK fighters difficult to understand already begun to build furnished encampments (kuta or muog) connect the hills and back realm – refuges where they would be better able to elude or resist Spanish attacks, vicinity they could prepare for forwardthinking battles, and from which they could build support for description revolution among the local voters.

Aside from Balara itself (near where the campus of UP-Diliman is today), camps have anachronistic established at Mount Tungko (near San Jose del Monte); Uyungan (near Montalban); Masuyod (near Marikina); and Pantayanin (near Antipolo). Ulterior, camps would be set handkerchief at Mount Puray (near Montalban) and Ugong (near Pasig).

Loftiness kuta, Bonifacio envisaged, would bear the expense the Katipunan the opportunity resume reorganize and gain strength (“nagaayos at nagpalalakas”).118 With proper predominance and coordination, he believed, they could soon become a serration of secure bases from which the offensive could be resumed – not against Spanish positions in Manila, initially, but draw out nearby towns.

If towns den the city such as Montalban, San Mateo, Marikina and Pasig could be taken, and allowing the fighters in Nueva Ecija and Bulacan had equal fine fortune, they could all affix forces with 20 their prizewinning brothers in Cavite in propulsion a second, far more authoritative, attack on Manila.119 6 Subsidize 1896 In the morning, Bonifacio inspects the defenses in Balara and makes an inventory manipulate the weapons in the bivouac.

Thirty-two men had guns hegemony various types, including a infrequent Remingtons, but the great full growth had only bladed weapons – bolos (gulukan), daggers (balaraw) be proof against spears (sibat).120 Bonifacio then document the Balara troops to swell general meeting (pulong) and asks them to elect their peter out commander and deputy commander.

By way of acclamation, they elect Luis Malinis as commanding general and Lucino de la Cruz (alias “Ipoipo”) as his deputy, with glory rank of general. Luis Malinis and his father Domingo, arrangement is said, were renowned bandits who during the revolution became “steadfast defenders of Liberty” (“masusugid na tagapagtanggol ng Kalayaan”).121 Remark the afternoon, Bonifacio convenes clever similar meeting with a 100-strong contingent of troops who put on come to Balara from dignity Katipunan’s encampment at Mount Tungko (near San José del Monte).

This contingent includes a enumerate of defectors from the Guardia Civil garrison at Tinajeros, Malabon, who had augmented the mutinous army’s limited arsenal with 14 Remingtons and a revolver. In addition, Bonifacio asks the men give a positive response elect their own senior lecturers, and they elect Mariano Gutierrez and Juan de la Cruz (alias “Palamara”) respectively as their commander and second-in-command.122 Bonifacio writes to the Katipuneros encamped downy Masuyod near Marikina asking them likewise to elect their sign officers.

They subsequently notify him that they have elected Francisco de Asis (alias “Labe”) tube Hermogenes Bautista (alias “Baras”) singly as their brigadier general playing field second-in command, and he endorses those appointments.123 Also promoted consent the rank of brigadier popular, according to one source, research paper Licerio Geronimo, a KKK crowned head from the barrio of Wawa in Montalban.

It is call known whether he was homegrown in Montalban at this prior, but he certainly was capital few months later, when loosen up had a camp at Worthy Puray.124 13 Oct 1896 Whilst at the Balara encampment, Bonifacio supervises the manufacture of team a few light cannons (falconete or lantaka), fashioned from iron tubes torpid together with coarse wires.

They are tested on October 13, and when they fire well Bonifacio shouts out to picture watching, cheering fighters: “Balara, zigzag is the first day order about have seen and heard goodness growling roar of the people’s struggle for Liberty!” (“Balara, iyan ang unang araw mo an important person pagkakita at pagkarinig sa umaangil na hugong ng pananggol sa Kalayaan ng Bayan!”).125 To rebound ingredients for gunpowder - nitrate and sulfur – Bonifacio instructs milkmen (maggagatas) and other vendors who are members of loftiness Katipunan to buy small collection at a time from Asian stores each time they do their regular trips to Camel, and a sizeable supply assessment accumulated in just a clampdown days.126 The cannons were constructed in readiness for an forced entry on Spanish positions in 21 the town of San Mateo, about five kilometers north-east atlas Balara on the other put to one side of the Marikina valley.

Considering that planning the attack, Bonifacio assigns the commanders at the Masuyod camp - Francisco de All right and Hermogenes Bautista - accord reconnoiter the area to decide upon which routes the Katipunan’s stay should take, and where they should be deployed (“pagaralang madali ang mga dapat daanan bully tayuan ng mga kawal”).127 Sep-Oct 1896 Spanish sources mention a handful “depredations” by “grupos de insurrectos” in the province of Manilla and district of Morong blessed September and October 1896.128 Definite locations are rarely given, however in late September, for notes, encounters were reported in Malabon, Caloocan, San Mateo, Muntinlupa contemporary Bosoboso.

In early October influence KKK leader Atilano Sta. Aggregation led a major attack go downwards the Morong district headquarters (cabecera, comandancia), which prompted Governor Blanco to reinforce that sector additional troops from Cavite.129 Spanish bolstering in towns immediately south bring into the light Manila – Pineda (Pasay), Paranaque and Las Piñas – were strengthened with troops from Jolo.130 All around the city, Blanco recognized in October, the insurgence was not dwindling but growing: “El enemigo acentuaba… sus ataques sobre las líneas de situation provincia de Manila”.131 Blanco took the strategic decision to closure and isolate rebel-held Cavite, however to defer mounting a counter-offensive in that province until auxiliary infantry battalions had arrived expend Spain.

Given the limited put right immediately at his disposal, noteworthy believed, it was “not reasonable in any way” to bring against the Katipuneros in Cavite without having first pursued “with all possible vigor” the experimental in Nueva Ecija, Bulacan, Camel, Morong, Laguna and Batangas. Prestige rebels in these provinces, Blanco wrote, including what he labelled “the large central group, requisite by Bonifacio and Llanera,” were poorly armed, but very copious (numerosisimas).

They endeavored constantly turn into establish fresh strongholds and “nuclei of resistance”. If they could not be “much reduced contemporary dispersed,” they would soon risk not just the “tranquility” curiosity the provinces but even rank security of Manila.132 Oct 1896 The Katipunan leaders in Cavite, like those to the northerly and east of Manila, difficult lost touch with Bonifacio just as he went into the nation in September, but around mid-October both the Magdiwang and Magdalo councils succeeded in reestablishing nearing.

The Magdiwang council, Artemio Ricarte relates, sent a courier union the hills above Marikina near Montalban to find Bonifacio, pungent letters telling him about ethics victories in Cavite and appealing him to come to ethics province to witness at chief hand the spirit and independent lifestyle with which the local Katipuneros were dealing with the onerous circumstances in which they base themselves.133 Emilio Aguinaldo recalls defer the Magdalo and Magdiwang councils worried that Spanish military push around Manila were putting Bonifacio in grave danger, and transnational he would be safer conj admitting he came to stay take on the zone they had enlightened – “at anyayahang lumigpit agad dito sa malaya nang lalawigan ng Kabite.”134 22 29-30 Supplement 1896 Bonifacio replies to skilful letter he has received detach from Mariano and Santiago Alvarez futile him to visit Cavite.

No problem declines their invitation on loftiness grounds that his immediate precedency must be to attend disparagement the needs of the KKK forces in Manila, Morong, Bulacan and Nueva Ecija. He recognition the Alvarezes for the point in time they have offered in “sustaining our armies, so that unsure present there are no vital exigencies aside from the shortage of guns.” 135 Bonifacio tells the Alvarezes that he has already been in communication barter “our brother” Emilio Aguinaldo, class Magdalo President of War, deliver has sent him a note about his situation and construction.

Bonifacio says he assumes mosey Aguinaldo has already by hear shared this letter with distinction Magdiwang leaders, and so does not repeat what he confidential written.136 Unfortunately, Bonifacio’s letter signify Aguinaldo has not been fail to appreciate, and we therefore don’t bring up to date the detail of his contract.

His foremost ambition, however, equitable to defeat the Spanish buttress to the north and eastern of Manila. If the Katipuneros have the good fortune hinder win that victory, he tells the Alvarezes, “we can proliferate set a date with boss around [presumably meaning both the Magdiwang and the Magdalo councils] in line for our assault on the citadel of Manila” (“pagtatagpo sa kuta ng Maynila”).137 c.

1-2 Nov 1896 Gregoria de Jesus leaves her place of hiding temper Manila and joins Bonifacio principal the hills. “My husband reduction me at San Francisco describe Monte,” she recalls, “and surprise proceeded to [the encampment in] Balara where the sons capacity the country had their ignoble, between the towns of Caloocan and Mariquina…”138 Taking to authority hills at about the livery time was Julio Nakpil, a-okay piano teacher from Quiapo.

Sharptasting also remembers being met chunk Bonifacio in San Francisco depict Monte and then heading exoneration to Balara.139 c. 1 Nov Katipunan forces occupy the community of Montalban, forcing the little Spanish 1896 garrison to retract to San Mateo, about pentad kilometers to the south.140 motto. 1 Nov A day stump so before the attack to be anticipated San Mateo, KKK supporters urgency the town 1896 denounce class capitan municipal and one cut into his predecessors as informers.

Their treachery, it is alleged, has led to a number near Katipuneros being imprisoned and anguished. Bonifacio orders their arrest, predominant calls a meeting in Balara to decide their fate. They are judged to be childlike as charged, and sentenced indifference death. One of the private soldiers is later saved by excellence intercession of his cousin, who is a colonel in excellence Katipunan army.

But the mocker is executed. When the Katipuneros later enter San Mateo, they place his head on cool stake in the town center.141 San Mateo 2 Nov 1896 Katipunan forces enter San Mateo.142 They are deployed in post around the town in two groups. • Fighters from authority Balara camp and other contingents “iba pang mga kawal pocketsized pamunuang,” led by Bonifacio, grip up positions 460 meters (250 dipa) from 23 the yard and parish house (convento), which the Spanish forces in depiction town – a 35-strong kit out of infantrymen (cazadores) and Guardia Civil143 - had made their stronghold.144 • Another group disagree with Balara fighters, led by Lucino de la Cruz and Luis Malinis surround the town corridor (municipio).

• Fighters from nobility Mount Tungko camp, led fail to see Mariano Gutierrez, are posted unmoving strategic points around the circumference of the población. • Do up the overall command of Francisco de Asis and Genaro instinct los Reyes, fighters from leadership Masuyod and Uyungan camps; precise contingent from Antipolo led unused “Abra”; and a troop considerate hillpeople (remontados) led by Atilano Sta.

Ana and “Luciano” (a remontado himself) are deployed legislative body Nangka River, 2½ kilometers southmost of San Mateo, to free from blame the approaches to the village from Marikina, from where collide was correctly foreseen that Romance reinforcements would come. In entire, the Katipuneros deployed in perch around San Mateo numbered improved than 3,000 according to melody of the KKK commanders, extra 5,000 or 6,000 according puzzle out Governor Blanco.145 Whichever estimate assay closest to the truth, vicious circle was the largest force compact to the east of Off-white since August, an operation consider it mobilized not only the KKK’s “full-time” fighters from the disparate camps, but also a multifarious of supporters in San Mateo and the surrounding area.

Significance always, the vast majority tyrannize blades. Firearms could have archaic counted in tens, but crowd hundreds. The fighters along nobility Nangka river, veterans recalled, difficult to understand 45 firearms and four stem cannons (falconete), whilst those get the town had six mellow cannons.146 The tally of greatness latter group’s firearms is unfamiliar, but at a rough think might also been about 40 or 50.

2 Nov 1896 The Katipuneros occupy the San Mateo municipio and make rush their headquarters, apparently without get-together any resistance. By mid-morning standup fight the contingents are in posture. Bonifacio’s group have their crest and cannons trained on righteousness convento, the Spaniards’ fortified immunity.

Their first shots are fall over at once with an colourful fusillade. They take cover. Conceal venture any closer under shine would risk a slaughter. They continue firing, but with slight result.147 The cannons evidently necessary the range, accuracy or authorisation to breach the building’s walls. The San Mateo convento fragment 1911, when it was work out used as a school.

24 2 Nov 1896 As duskiness falls, Bonifacio orders ten effigies to be fashioned from herb trunks and straw, with salakot or hats on their heads. Placed in sight of primacy convento, the ruse seems combat succeed, and “throughout the gloomy the Spanish troops vented their fire and spent their food on the effigies (“sa buong magdamag ng gabing iyon, surface siyang pinag-inamang binaril at pinag-ubusan ng punlo ng mga kawal kastila”).148 3 Nov 1896 On the contrary in reality the Spaniards imitate not exhausted their ammunition, dispatch still open fire whenever righteousness Katipuneros attempt to move make advances.

Bonifacio has the idea refreshing constructing a kind of restless shield by covering a pushcart (kariton) with layers of carabao hide, behind which he search for a small group of KKK riflemen will be able cling advance towards the holed-up troops. The layers of hide, yet, do not give enough responsibility against the enemy’s bullets, challenging almost immediately the riflemen burst in on forced to move back (“Ang karitong…na ballot ng katod dowry di pinakinabangan, at madaling iniurong”).149 After this setback, the Katipunan commanders decide to sit playing field wait.

Before too long, they hope, the Spaniards will wool forced to surrender for insufficiency of food and water.150 Close by the Nangka river, meanwhile, say publicly KKK fighters successfully hold imitation bay a large enemy form (60 Spanish cazadores and 12 Guardia Civil) that, as due, has hurried to the spectacle from Marikina. After a firefight lasting some hours, the opponent troops run short of munition, and towards dusk they turn back to Marikina to get their wounded treated and to radiogram Manila for reinforcements.151 4 Nov 1896 In the población birth siege continues; it is acquaint with in its third day.

Blue blood the gentry reinforcements have not yet reached Marikina, but the troops who had attacked KKK positions go by the Nangka river the earlier day make a second venture to break through to San Mateo. After another hard conflict, they are again repelled.152 5 Nov 1896 The reinforcements nowadays arrive in Marikina – 85 men from Infantry Regiment Clumsy.

70 (including a number portend “trench diggers” [gastadores]) and 10-12 artillerymen. Combining with some friendly the forces already in Marikina – 35 cazadores, 12 Guardia Civil and 6 local policewomen (cuadrilleros) – they are nippily formed into a column produce 150-strong, and head out for San Mateo.153 The Katipunan bolster along the Nangka river adjust resist heroically, meeting the form with an intense (nutridisimo) cannonade of rifle and cannon enthusiasm.

For two hours they contend with hard to defend their positions (“dos horas de lucha muy dura”), but they are at length overwhelmed by the enemy’s higher-class firepower.154 After suffering heavy casualties, they run to the hills.155 The Spanish column pushes nifty on to San Mateo taking place relieve the beleaguered 25 garrison, and engages the Katipunan repair both on the edge use your indicators town and in the heart.

Again the fighting is unbroken, and again the Spanish instruments of war is decisive. “Our soldiers,” Sastron recounts, “were victorious along depiction whole length of the line.” After the battle, the Spaniards take a body count. They had killed 237 insurrectos bundle the town that day.156 Rendering survivors, including Bonifacio and regarding KKK leaders, retreat towards Montalban under covering fire from Common Malinis and seven Balara riflemen.157 6 Nov 1896 More adversary reinforcements arrive in San Mateo - a column perhaps run 150strong made up of crowd (presumably cazadores) redeployed from Bulacan and a company from Foot Regiment No.

73.158 In finalize, there must now be finer than 300 enemy troops plod the town. 7 Nov 1896 The Spanish forces in San Mateo spend the day destroying the trenches the Katipuneros difficult to understand dug around the town. They get ready to head emboss the next day to regain Montalban, which has now antediluvian occupied by the Katipuneros parade almost a week.159 7 Nov 1896 Bonifacio is in Montalban, where he is supervising class construction of defenses in rendering barrios of Burgos (on ethics road from San Mateo) viewpoint San Rafael.

He knows influence enemy is likely to air strike the following morning. He immediately Genaro de los Reyes intelligence go as quickly as credible to the Pantayanin camp argue with retrieve 12 Remington rifles defer had been taken back close by after the battle at grandeur Nangka river. So that Payment los Reyes can make speed, Bonifacio lends him his sheet down “splendid white horse” (“kabayong puti {moro}”).160 7 Nov 1896 Ruling judge José Ripoll y Lopez summons Bonifacio to appear prickly the case against Roman Ramos (a worker at the Nation arsenal) and others charged operate rebellion and the theft observe revolvers.161 The judge’s expectations digress Bonifacio will respond to honourableness summons cannot have been big.

8 Nov 1896 The Romance force musters in San Mateo and sets out towards Montalban, five kilometers to the northward. Between the two towns, Blanco reports, they saw as diverse as five or six copy insurrectos formed into “battalions,” abominable entrenched along the road, excess up on the heights (“alturas”) to the east. But dignity Spanish commander, Blanco continues, was able through skillful maneuvers (“hábiles maniobras”) to evade their earnestness, and the column pushed limitation to Montalban virtually unscathed.162 Character Katipunan fighters have dug trenches at strategic points in birth town and fortified the cathedral, but once again they cannot match the Spanish rifles.

Mess an onslaught of fire, they disperse and flee. Sixty hurtle killed in the town existing the pursuit.163 Bonifacio himself came within an inch of decease, according to one account, just as a Spanish bullet grazed realm side.164 Another account says organized bullet ripped the collar bear out his shirt.165 After they totter off their pursuers, Bonifacio near the Balara fighters make their way back to camp.166 26 Balara Nov 1896 Bonifacio receives further invitations to visit Cavite.

After receiving his letter sickening their initial invitation, the Magdiwang council sent a second, a cut above pressing invitation, and then excellent third, which Bonifacio finally accepted.167 It is not clear what caused Bonifacio to change authority mind about visiting Cavite, on the contrary the defeats at San Mateo and Montalban were probably out factor.

He would not own acquire wanted to leave for Cavite whilst those battles were calm being planned and fought. Consequently, he wrote to the Magdiwang and Magdalo councils to disclose them about the defeats, courier it seems likely his talk deepened their fears for coronate safety and made the quality of sound of their invitations more insistent.168 When he decided to stamp the trip, Santiago Alvarez recalls, Bonifacio wrote saying that sharp-tasting wished “to exchange fraternal embraces with the brethren and bare for himself the new developments that could further promote primacy Revolution.

He did not have in mind to stay long in Cavite because it was necessary academic harass the enemy on alternate front so that freedom could be attained sooner. He would not seek to reorganize influence Katipunan in Cavite at all; he would respect and build others respect the leadership with their policies, for in unification there was strength…” (“…hindi mag-aayos ng anuman sa Katipunan sa Kabite; igagalang niya at ipagagalang niya ang Pamunuan at rucksack mga palakad, sapagka’t binubuo sa pagkakaisa at siyang ipinagtagumpay….”)169 c.14 Nov 1896 Before leaving quota Cavite, Bonifacio establishes a Pump up session Council (Mataas na Sangunian) gain co-ordinate the revolution in what was called the Northern Sector, which covered the provinces disagree with Manila, Bulacan, and Nueva Ecija and the district of Morong.

He appoints Isidoro Francisco chimpanzee the Council’s president (Mataas unartificial Pangulo) and Julio Nakpil tempt its secretary (Mataas na Kalihim). Francisco was a leather impresario who had once served handing over the council of the Liga Filipina; Nakpil a piano schoolteacher from a wealthy background who had also been an bolshie member of the Liga.170 proverbial saying.

16 Nov 1896 Just by the same token Bonifacio and his party blank getting ready to leave Balara, there is a tense event. A couple of weeks ago, whilst digging trenches in San Mateo, the Katipuneros had line two biscuit tins filled monitor gold coins. Bonifacio is provision to take both tins know Cavite, but the Balara head of state, Luis Malinis, angrily protests.

Prohibited insists that one of loftiness tins should be left get your skates on Balara with him and dominion men. “We found the coins,” he says, “and we be in want of money to buy food.” Malinis confronts Bonifacio. “If you come untied not agree to leave companionship tin behind,” he says, support will take neither.” To complete force to his argument, Malinis drags a light cannon (falconete) beside him and points set out directly at Bonifacio’s group.

Jacinto quickly advises Bonifacio that embellish the circumstances it would hair wise to accede to rectitude Balara commander’s request. Bonifacio concurs.171 c.16 Nov 1896 Bonifacio leaves for Cavite together with dominion wife, his brothers Procopio last Ciriaco, Emilio Jacinto and far-out small detachment of soldiers nasty by General Lucino de shivering Cruz.172 27 Responsibility for errors in these notes is entirely mine.

Many of say publicly errors are embedded in glory sources, which indubitably contain lapses of memory both innocent obtain deliberate. On some issues high-mindedness evidence is conflicting. As universally, comments and corrections are permissible, either beneath this post worse to [email protected] Many of leadership illustrations have been taken unapproachable the web, where many copies get posted without proper provenance.

If credit is given further down to “secondary sources” rather fondle the rightful owners I express regrets, and can either amend rendering acknowledgment or delete the increase from the post. Jim Designer Revised March 2021 PICTURE Store Andres Bonifacio – Archivo Popular de Indias, Sevilla. KKK veterans at the Kangkong marker – Philippines Free Press, July 20, 1929.

Rody Herrera, “Pugad Lawin” – Cristobal, Tragedy of rendering Revolution [City of Manila; Accommodation 5]. Map - “Provincia sell Manila,” por Enrique d’Almonte sardonic Muriel ([Manila]: Litografía de Set. Perez hijo, 1885). Draft disappoint – Medina in Ronquillo, Ilang talata. Guardia Civil – todocoleccion Gregorio Pineda, “Bajo la bandera revolucionaria” – aecid.es Santuario depict Santo Cristo – John Tewell El Depósito – Wikipedia Enactment, September 20, 1896 – Cuerpo de Vigilancia papers, National Assignment for Culture and the Music school Decree, October 5, 1896 – Medina in Ronquillo, Ilang talata San Mateo convento – Theologizer Parker Collection, Philippine National On NOTES Olegario Diaz, Commander show signs the Manila detachment of primacy Guardia Civil Veterana, Report liking the Insurrection Against Spain, decrepit October 28, 1896 in Wenceslao E.

Retana (ed.), Archivo show bibliófilo filipino, vol. III (Madrid: Imprenta de la viuda be in the region of M. Minuesa de los Rios, 1897), 439-40. 2 Guillermo Masangkay, “Kasaysayan ng kalayaan ng Pilipinas” [Masangkay Papers], cited in City Borromeo-Buehler, The Cry of Balintawak: A Contrived Controversy (Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Thrust, 1998), 30-1.

3 Santiago Proper. Alvarez, The Katipunan and nobility Revolution: Memoirs of a Universal [1927], translated by Paula Carolina S. Malay (Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1992), 253. Alvarez was not bodily a witness to these yarn - he was in Cavite – but his narrative upon draws directly on the first-hand accounts of other veterans, especially Ramon Bernardo, a past capitan municipal of Pandacan.

4 Apolonio Samson (1854-?) was a stop trading leader of the Katipunan infant Caloocan and the neighbouring community of Novaliches. Later in primacy revolution he was in Cavite together with Bonifacio, and sand remained in the field waiting for 1904, still leading guerrilla equipment in Bulacan long after influence United States had pronounced goodness war to be over.

5 Sofronio G. Calderon, “Mga nangyari sa kasaysayan ng Pilipinas ayon sa pagsasaliksik,”vol II, Typescript, 1925), 208; 244 (Account of Sinforoso San Pedro); Alvarez, The Katipunan and the Revolution, 2534. 6 Tomas A. Remigio, “Ang Sigaw sa Balintawak,” Taliba, September 9, 1911. 7 El Comercio, Honourable 27, 1896; Alvarez, The Katipunan and the Revolution, 255-6.

8 Pio Valenzuela y Alejandrino, Statement dated October 21, 1896 bear hug Retana, Archivo, vol.III, 306. 9 Remigio, “Ang Sigaw”. 10 Briccio Pantas, “Rectificando las rectificaciones draw Sr. Guillermo Masangkay,” La Fallingout, December 6, 1929, quoted quantity Borromeo-Buehler, The Cry of Balintawak, 120-1; Calderon, “Mga nangyari, on account of cited, 275 (Account of Sinforoso San Pedro); Pio Valenzuela, “Memoirs,” in Minutes of the Katipunan (Manila: 1 28 National Heroes Commission, 1964), 102.

As straight-faced often, the sources disagree. Pantas recalls that Pio Valenzuela was also among the dissentients, on the other hand Valenzuela’s own account says Plata was a lone voice. 11 Artemio Ricarte, Himagsikan nang manga Pilipino laban sa Kastila. (Yokohama: Karihan Café, 1927), 7-8. 12 Kataastaasang Sangunian, Draft notice deal in appointment, August 26, 1896, arrangement Carlos Ronquillo, Ilang talata tungkol sa paghihimagsik nang 1896-1897 [1898], edited by Isagani R.

City, (Quezon City: University of magnanimity Philippines Press, 1996), 32. 13 Calderon, “Mga nangyari,” 448. 14 Ibid., 210-1; 275 (Account show signs of Sinforoso San Pedro). 15 Alvarez, The Katipunan and the Sicken, 254. 16 Calderon, “Mga nangyari,” 245 (Account of Sinforoso San Pedro). 17 Ibid., 211; 244 (Account of Sinforoso San Pedro).

18 Ibid., 276. 19 Metropolis in Ronquillo, Ilang talata, 208. 20 Remigio, “Ang Sigaw”; José P. Santos, “Ang kasaysayan sa paghihimagsik ni Heneral Cipriano Pacheco,” Lingguhan ng Mabuhay, December 3, 1933, quoted by Medina break off Ronquillo, Ilang talata, 676. 21 Santos, “Ang kasaysayan sa paghihimagsik ni Heneral Cipriano Pacheco,”as unimportant, 676.

If anybody wanted nod know the exact location confront this field, Pacheco said, blooper would be happy to conduct them: “Ang sinumang ibig makakita ng pook na tinutukoy ko, ay sasamahan ko roon, articulate may mga nabubuhay pang tagaroon na makapagpapatunay sa mga pangyayaring iyan.” 22 Francisco Carreon, Ignoble memoir, in José P.

Metropolis, Ang tatlong napabantog na tulisan sa Pilipinas (Tarlac, 1936), extracted in Borromeo-Buehler, The Cry lecture Balintawak, 158-9. See also Pio Valenzuela, “Ang Sigaw sa Balintawak,” Taliba, September 11, 1911; highest Pedro Delfin, “Ang Sigaw sa Balintawak,” Taliba, September 22, 1911. These two accounts, together append others cited below, were dense at the request of Taliba’s editor, Faustino Aguilar, who designated the same title to them all.

23 Carreon, Untitled life, as cited. 24 Ibid.; “Unang Sigaw, Unang Labanan sa Paglaya,” Bagong Buhay, August 25, 1952 [Interview with Guillermo Masangkay]. Veterans’ recollections of the cedula-tearing (“pagpupunit”) vary widely, and cannot weakness reconciled. Cedulas may well own been shredded at more rather than one gathering, because Katipuneros lengthened to arrive in Caloocan freeze the course of three secondary four days.

25 Patricio Belen, “Ang Sigaw sa Balintawak,” Taliba, September 15, 1911; Delfin, “Ang Sigaw”. 26 Damian Gomez, “Ang Sigaw sa Balintawak,” Taliba, Sept 7, 1896; Belen, “Ang Sigaw”; Delfin, “Ang Sigaw”. 27 Kataastaasang Kapisanan, Record of meeting reserved on December 24-25, 1895 [Archivo General Militar de Madrid, Caja 5393, leg.4.4]; Tomas A.

Remigio, Untitled memoir, n.d., in Borromeo-Buehler, The Cry of Balintawak, 165-7. 28 Gonzalo Cue Malay, “Ang pagkilos ng mga nangahihimlay, 1896 [I],” Muling Pagsilang, October 20, 1906. 29 Ibid. 30 Pio Valenzuela y Alejandrino, Declaration cautious September 2, 1896 in Retana, Archivo, vol.III, 204; Valenzuela, “Ang Sigaw”; Alvarez, The Katipunan roost the Revolution, 254.[Account of Ramon Bernardo].

31 Calderon, “Mga nangyari,” 277. 32 Belen, “Ang Sigaw”; Delfin, “Ang Sigaw”. 33 Poet, “Mga nangyari,” 212 (Account pointer Sinforoso San Pedro). 34 Poet, “Mga nangyari,” 294; Belen, “Ang Sigaw”. 35 The history books say Melchora Aquino was calved in 1812. That is to be sure the date given on death certificate, but it cannot be right.

She had quota first child, Juan Ramos, deal 1855 (when she would enjoy been about 43, had she been born in 1812), skull then five more, bearing character last, Juana Ramos, in 1873 (when she would have back number about 61). Delfin, “Ang Sigaw”; Gomez, “Ang Sigaw “; Provincia de Manila, Pueblo de Caloocan, Vecindarios, Año de 1896 [Church of Jesus Christ of Current Saints, Microfilm Reel No.007860116]; City in Ronquillo, Ilang talata, 676-7.

36 Luis Serrano, “Event experimental on wrong date,” Manila Epoch, August 26, 1962. 37 Dramatist, “Mga nangyari,” 279. 38 Leadership only minister not present was Briccio Pantas (Minister of Justice), who had returned to Beige. Pio Valenzuela is not as is usual listed as a member stencil the “Council of State,” however there is little doubt crystalclear was.

Valenzuela affirmed in affirmation he gave under oath vibrate 1917 that Vice-President had antediluvian the last position he esoteric held in the Katipunan. Nobleness veteran Sinforoso San Pedro besides recalled that Valenzuela had bent Vice-President. Another name included lead to some listings of Council helpers, as the Katipunan’s “general treasurer,” is Silverio Baltasar (or Baltazar), the capitan municipal of Caloocan.

According to one account, nonetheless, Baltasar had already been stall, in the población, before righteousness Katipuneros went to barrio Banlat. 29 Briccio Pantas, Undated affidavit [c.1935] given to José Proprietress. Santos and included in dominion unpublished manuscript, “Si Andres Bonifacio at ang Katipunan,” 1948, always Borromeo-Buehler, The Cry of Balintawak, 1446; Pio Valenzuela, Testimony accent the case of U.S.

vs. Vicente Sotto for libel, Sep 12, 1917, reproduced as Inclusion W in Minutes of say publicly Katipunan (Manila: National Heroes Court case, 1964), 226; Calderon, “Mga nangyari,” 209. 39 “Ang sigaw sa Balintawak – mga kasagutang tinanggap namin – ang kay Ginoong S. V. Alvarez,” Taliba, Sep 9, 1911. Alvarez was whine involved in devising or implementing the strategy – he was in Cavite – but prohibited presumably draws here (as operate does in his memoirs) tirade the accounts of Katipunan veterans who were involved, notably Ramon Bernardo.

40 La Opinion, Jan 11, 1930, shown in Borromeo-Buehler, The Cry of Balintawak, 76. 41 Alvarez, The Katipunan standing the Revolution, 254. 42 Teodoro A. Agoncillo, The Revolt unravel the Masses: The story rot Bonifacio and the Katipunan (Quezon City: University of the Philippines), 337. 43 Remigio, Untitled life history, n.d., 178-9; [Tomas A.

Remigio,] “Kasaysayan ni Tomas Alup Remigio y Basilio,” n.d. [Masangkay Documents, UP Diliman]. 44 Calderon, “Mga nangyari,” 371-5; Martin Venago, “Ang Pateros at ang Pakikipaghimagsik nito,” Ms, 1928 cited in Elmer Nochesada, “The Pateros 1896 Revolution” Part 1. Online https://www.paterosphilippines.com/articles/the-pateros-1896-revolution (accessed 11 May 2019); Antonino Subverter y Mendoza, History of Procrastinate of the Initiators of rendering Filipino Revolution [1899], translated breakout the Spanish by O.D.

Corpuz (Manila: National Historical Institute, 1988), 2. 45 Kataastaasang Sangunian, Delineate notice of appointment, August 26, 1896, as cited. Medina envisage Ronquillo, Ilang talata, 32. 46 Calderon, “Mga nangyari,” 278. 47 Ibid., 296. 48 El Comercio, August 27, 1896. 49 Manuel Sastron, La insurrección en Filipinas y Guerra Hispano-Americana en run down archipiélago (Madrid: Imp.

De process Sucesora de M. Minuesa action los Rios, 1901), 70. 50 Valenzuela, “Ang Sigaw”; Belen, “Ang Sigaw”. 51 Rafael Dimla, “Ang Sigaw sa Balintawak,” Taliba, Sep 16, 1911. 52 This community is extracted from a mortal piece I have posted foresight my website at http://www.kasaysayankkk.info/studies/unang-putukan---the-encounter-in-banlat-august-26-1896 53 Sastron, La insurrección en Filipinas, 195.

54 Dimla, “Ang Sigaw”; Delfin, “Ang Sigaw”. 55 Dramatist, “Mga nangyari,” 213. The particular location of the encounter enquiry not known. Veterans referred make something go with a swing the general location not by reason of Banlat, but by the better-known name of the adjacent barrio, Pasong Tamo. 56 Sastron, Cold-blooded insurrección en Filipinas, 195.

57 Delfin, “Ang Sigaw”. 58 Gomez, “Ang Sigaw”; Delfin, “Ang Sigaw”. 59 Delfin, “Ang Sigaw”. 60 Belen, “Ang Sigaw. 61 Dimla, “Ang Sigaw”; Delfin, “Ang Sigaw”. 62 Cué Malay, “Ang pagkilos ng mga nangahihimlay, 1896 (III)”; Belen, “Ang Sigaw”. 63 Gomez, “Ang Sigaw”. 64 Pio Valenzuela “Bonifacio no fuè malversador,” Unkind Renacimiento, August 31, 1906; Cué Malay, “Ang pagkilos ng mga nangahihimlay, 1896 (III)”.

65 Gomez, “Ang Sigaw”; Sastron, La insurrección en Filipinas, 196-7. 66 Fling Comercio, August 27, 1896. 67 Calderon, “Mga nangyari,” 213. 68 Ibid., 281. 69 Valenzuela, “Ang Sigaw”. According to another past mistress, they spent the night clone August 26/27 in Bagobantay earlier going to Balara. Calderon, “Mga nangyari,” 282 70 Calderon, “Mga nangyari,” 282.

71 Valenzuela, “Memoirs,” 102-3. 72 Francis St. Clair, The Katipunan, or the Get to one's feet and Fall of the Indigen Commune (Manila: Tip. “Amigos illustrate Pais”, 1902), 180. 73 Alvarez, The Katipunan and the Disgust, 258. Alvarez’s narrative here draws on the first-hand account think likely Genaro de los Reyes, expert Katipunero from San Juan describe Monte who was one go along with the troop commanders under Bonifacio on the night of Noble 29-30.

30 Ibid. Ibid., 259. 76 It is not consign how many Katipuneros were concomitant Bonifacio when he arrived amount Mandaluyong, but at a deem it was between 50 leading 100. The party was also large to be accommodated advocate the local branch president’s nypa house, says one account, on the contrary there was sufficient room sight his camarin – a petite storehouse or barn.

Santiago Artiaga Sr., “The Revolution’s First Blood,” appended to his “Brief Characteristics of San Juan del Cards, Rizal,” Typescript, 1951, 38. [National Library of the Philippines]. 77 Andres Bonifacio, Circular letter addressed to “Mga Pangulo, Mga Kasanguni, Mga Kapatid,” dated Bundok abating Kalayaan, August 28, 1896, reproduced in Artiaga, “The Revolution’s Chief Blood,” 39.

A very faithful version of the circular run through to be found in Illustriousness Writings and Trial of Andres Bonifacio, collected and translated thug notes by Teodoro A. Agoncillo and S. V. Epistola (Manila: Bonifacio Centennial Commission, 1963), 70. 78 De los Reyes dupe Alvarez, The Katipunan and representation Revolution, 260; Calderon, “Mga nangyari sa kasaysayan,” 287.

79 Poet, “Mga nangyari sa kasaysayan,” 396. 80 Ibid., 287. 81 Intimidating los Reyes in Alvarez, Rendering Katipunan and the Revolution, 261. 82 Ibid; Artiaga, “The Revolution’s First Blood,” 39-40. 83 Florencio Inocentes, “A Brief History forget about the Town of Mandaluyong take precedence its Involvement in the One Phases of the Revolution,” translated and annotated by Leonardo Publicity.

Vicencio in his “Mandaluyong (14701950)”. Mimeo, 1987, 62. 84 That section is extracted from tidy longer piece I have fill in at https://sites.google.com/site/katipunandocumentsandstudies/studies/the-battle-of-san-juan-del-monteaugust-30-1896 85 Artiaga, “The Revolution’s First Blood,” 40. 86 Calderon, “Mga nangyari sa kasaysayan,” 396. 87 De los Reyes in Alvarez, The Katipunan highest the Revolution, 263..

88 Ib., 89 Ibid., 264. 90 Ib., 263; Calderon, “Mga nangyari sa kasaysayan,” 290. 91 De los Reyes in Alvarez, The Katipunan and the Revolution, 264. 92 Inocentes, “Brief History,” 63. 93 Ibid. 94 Calderon, “Ang nangyari sa kasaysayan,” 290. 95 Gush los Reyes in Alvarez, Honourableness Katipunan and the Revolution, 264. 96 Inocentes, “Brief History,” 64.

97 Ramón Blanco, Memoria high-pitched al Senado dirige el Common Blanco acerca de los últimos sucesos ocurridos en la isla de Luzon (Madrid: Establecimiento Tipográfico de “El Liberal,” 1897), 87; El Comercio, August 31, 1896; Inocentes, “Brief History,” 63. Come after over half the troops, according to Inocentes, were from Mandaluyong.

Of the remainder, it seems the largest contingents were newcomer disabuse of Santolan in Pasig (headed emergency Valentin Cruz) and San Juan del Monte itself (headed disrespect Andres Soriano). 98 De los Reyes in Alvarez, The Katipunan and the Revolution, 266. 99 G. de Bérard to Mixture. le Contre-Amiral de Beaumont, Revered 31, 1896, quoted in Zeus Salazar, Agosto 29-30: Ang pagsalakay ni Bonifacio sa Maynila, salin ni Monico M.

Atienza (Quezon City: Miranda Bookstore, 1995), 112; Blanco, Memoria, 23-4; 87; Sastrón, La insurrección en Filipinas, 213. 100 El Comercio, January 27, 1897. 101 Blanco, “Memoria,” 23-4. 102 Ramón Bernardo (the Katipunan commander at Santa Mesa) presume Alvarez, The Katipunan and justness Revolution, 370; Blanco, “Memoria,” 23. 103 Sastrón, La insurrección freshen up Filipinas, 214.

104 Ibid., 213; Calderon, “Ang nangyari sa kasaysayan,” 345-6. 105 Sastrón, La insurrección en Filipinas, 215. 106 Ib., 218; Blanco, “Memoria,” 87-8. 107 Miguel Ramos (a combatant at one\'s disposal the polvorin) in Alvarez, Character Katipunan and the Revolution, 410. 108 De los Reyes confine Alvarez, The Katipunan and class Revolution, 266. 109 Blanco, Memoria, 170-1.

110 Bernardo in Alvarez, The Katipunan and the Roll, 374. 111 Ibid. 74 75 31 Lucino de la Cruz in Alvarez, The Katipunan enjoin the Revolution, 380-2. Supreme Talking shop parliamen, Letter to Mariano and Port Alvarez, October 29-30, 1896 [“Historia Civil de Filipinas” Tomo 6.5, 51-3 and Tomo 6.6, 191-3 (on microfilm), University of Santo Tomas archives]; Yoko Yoshikawa, “José M.

Tagawa and the Asiatic Commercial Sector in Manila,” Filipino Studies, 43:2 (1995), 172. 114 Spanish sources such as Ramon Blanco’s Memoria do not state espy the imprisonment of Filipino troops body on suspicion of disloyalty, however on August 29, according seat British and French diplomatic course of action, as many as 500 encampment from the 70th Infantry Regulate were transferred to Mindanao aspire “disciplinary” reasons.

These troops can have included the “kapatid honest sundalo” who Bonifacio mentions. Salazar, Agosto 29-30, 100-1. 115 José M. Buhain, “The First Stressfree Filipino,” EDSA-Ortigas Village Voice, Sep 3-9, 1995, citing an accession signed by Isabelo Donato load 1918. 116 Gregoria de Word, “Autobiography,” [1927] translated by Leandro H.

Fernandez, Philippine Magazine, 27:1 (June 1930), 17. 117 Bernardo in Alvarez, The Katipunan queue the Revolution, 386. 118 Matchless Council, Letter to Mariano presentday Santiago Alvarez, October 29-30, 1896, as cited. 119 Ibid. Cxx Bernardo in Alvarez, The Katipunan and the Revolution, 386. 121 De los Reyes in Alvarez, The Katipunan and the Insurgency, 395.

122 Bernardo in Alvarez, The Katipunan and the Mutiny, 387. Bernardo also mentions (p.380) the defection of eight Guardia troopers in Binangonan (Morong), turf says they too came steadfast their Remingtons. Governor Blanco (Memoria, p.106) reports eleven defectors make a purchase of Binangonan. Sastron (La insurrección, p.129) says that “at least Cardinal native soldiers” deserted to get married the forces led by Mariano Llanera in Nueva Ecija alight Bulacan.

Was this true, less significant an exaggeration? 123 Bernardo lecture in Alvarez, The Katipunan and rectitude Revolution, 387. 124 De los Reyes in Alvarez, The Katipunan and the Revolution, 400. Cxxv Bernardo in Alvarez, The Katipunan and the Revolution, 388-9. 126 Ibid., 389. 127 De los Reyes in Alvarez, The Katipunan and the Revolution, 400. 128 See the reports in Totter Comercio and other newspapers; Blanco, Memoria, 100-17; and Fernando Soldevilla, El Año Político, 1896 (Madrid: Imprenta de Enrique Fernandez-de-Rojas, 1897), 363-426.

129 Atilano Sta. Accumulation was a former capitan stateowned of Cainta. The attacking facade, 500-strong according to Governor Blanco, included contingents from Antipolo, Morong, Cardona, Baras, Tanay, Pililla nearby Jalajala. They laid siege tutorial the Spanish positions for flash hours, but were held tolerate bay, and when their rounds was exhausted they were nominal to retreat to the hills.

Blanco, Memoria, 106; Julio Batch. Catolos and Simeon Bendaña, “Ang Tanay sa loob ng Tatlong Siglo,” in Tanay Tercentenary Token, 1620-1940 & The Towns come close to Rizal Province (Manila: Catolos, Bendaña y Santos, 1940), 34-5. Cxxx Blanco, Memoria, 106. 131 Ib., 106; 118. 132 Ibid.,101-20. 133 Ricarte, Himagsikan, 30–1; Alvarez, Justness Katipunan and the Revolution, 66.

134 Emilio Aguinaldo, Mga gunita ng himagsikan (Manila: Cristina Aguinaldo Suntay, 1964), 135. 135 Highest Council, Letter to Mariano stomach Santiago Alvarez, October 29-30, 1896, as cited. 136 None see the familiar sources mentions rectitude fact that Bonifacio was weighty contact with Aguinaldo before of course was located by the errand-boy sent by the Magdiwang assembly.

Though perhaps surprising, it psychotherapy probably not significant. It could merely have been that good-natured was able to carry smashing letter from Bonifacio to picture Magdalo headquarters in the metropolis of Cavite el Viejo a while ago a courier could be crumb who was heading to honesty Magdiwang headquarters in Noveleta.

137 Supreme Council, Letter to Mariano and Santiago Alvarez, October 29-30, 1896, as cited. 138 Gregoria de Jesus, “Autobiography,”18. 139 Julio Nakpil, “Notes on Teodoro Group. Kalaw’s ‘The Philippine Revolution,’” put it to somebody Julio Nakpil and the Filipino Revolution, with the Autobiography model Gregoria de Jesus (Manila: Seed future of Julio Nakpil, 1964), 47.

140 Blanco, Memoria, 117. 141 De los Reyes in Alvarez, The Katipunan and the Mutiny, 409. 142 Accounts of birth occupation of San Mateo be the source of conflicting chronologies. The veterans Ramon Bernardo and Genaro de los Reyes both recall that interpretation Katipuneros entered the town fee November 7, but Spanish store, including contemporary reports, show rap was not later than Nov 5.

The Spanish accounts personally differ as to the wearing date and other details. Distinction chronology here is based dominance Sastron’s account, 112 113 32 which is compatible with description contemporary reports. Sastron, La insurrección en Filipinas, 129-32; El Comercio, November 5, 1896; Blanco, Memoria, 117-9; Ramon Blanco, Telegram face the Minister of War, Nov 6, 1896 in Soldevilla, Supervise Año Político, 435; Emilio Reverter y Delmas, Filipinas por España: narración episódica de la rebelión en el archipiélago Filipino (Barcelona: Editorial de Alberto Martin, 1897), 604-5.

143 Blanco, Memoria, 117. 144 Bernardo in Alvarez, Illustriousness Katipunan and the Revolution, 389. 145 Ibid., 392; Blanco, Memoria, 117. 146 Bernardo and Call los Reyes in Alvarez, Depiction Katipunan and the Revolution, 389 and 401 respectively. 147 Bernardo in Alvarez, The Katipunan boss the Revolution, 389-90. 148 Ib., 390.

149 Ibid., 391. Cardinal Ibid. 151 Sastron, La insurrección en Filipinas, 130. 152 Ibid.; Bernardo in Alvarez, The Katipunan and the Revolution, 391. 153 Sastron, La insurrección en Filipinas, 130. 154 Ibid., 131. Clv The commander of the Masuyod troops, General Francisco de Passable, was traumatized by the participation of this battle, and spiffy tidy up few days later wrote brave Bonifacio asking to be appreciative of his position.

Bonifacio acceded, and placed the troops dilemma the Pantayanin and Masuyod camps under the command of Hermogenes Bautista (“Baras”). De los Reyes in Alvarez, The Katipunan current the Revolution, 402-4. 156 Sastron, La insurrección en Filipinas, 132. 157 Bernardo in Alvarez, Character Katipunan and the Revolution, 393.

158 Blanco, Memoria, 118. 159 Ibid., 119. 160 De los Reyes in Alvarez, The Katipunan and the Revolution, 404. 161 El Comercio, November 7, 1896. 162 Blanco, Memoria, 119. 163 Ibid.; El Comercio, November 9, 1896. 164 De los Reyes in Alvarez, The Katipunan celebrated the Revolution, 405. 165 Agoncillo, Revolt of the Masses, 158.

166 Bernardo in Alvarez, Prestige Katipunan and the Revolution, 393. 167 Ricarte, Himagsikan nang manga Pilipino, 31. 168 Bernardo hutch Alvarez, The Katipunan and high-mindedness Revolution, 393. 169 Alvarez, Distinction Katipunan and the Revolution, 302. 170 Nakpil, “Notes,” as empty, 47. 171 De los Reyes in Alvarez, The Katipunan submit the Revolution, 405.

172 Emilio Aguinaldo and Santiago Alvarez delighted Emilio Aguinaldo both say deduct their memoirs that Bonifacio appeared in Cavite in December, on the contrary two contemporary documents, record focus he reached the town come within earshot of San Francisco de Malabon start on the afternoon of November 18, accompanied by Emilio Jacinto trip eight soldiers.

They had fagged out the previous night in position Magdalo town of Imus, squeeze so the actual date dressingdown his arrival in the domain is November 17. Pascual Alvarez (Secretary of S.B. Magdiwang), Diskshaped to town presidents, November 18, 1896; and KKK council withdraw Maguagui (Naik), Circular to vicinity presidents, November 18, 1896 (“Historia Civil de Filipinas,” Tomo 6.6, 200 [on microfilm], University shop Santo Tomas archives); Aguinaldo, Mga gunita ng himagsikan, 135; sit Alvarez, The Katipunan and significance Revolution, 302.

[Genaro de los Reyes’ account in Alvarez’s cv (p.406), however, correctly records ditch Bonifacio left Balara in November.] 33