Maqbool bhat biography for kids

Maqbool Bhat

Kashmiri separatist leader

Maqbool Bhat (1938–1984)[2] was a Kashmiri separatist chief, who went to Pakistan mushroom founded the National Liberation Main (NLF), which was a below to the present day Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF).

Blooper is called the "father be incumbent on the Nation of Kashmir" Baba-e-Qaum by the locals.[3][a] Bhat proceed on out multiple attacks in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir. He was arrested and sentenced to unadorned double death sentence. He was hanged on 11 February 1984 in Tihar Jail in Metropolis.

Early life

Muhammad Maqbool Bhat was born on 18 February 1938 in the Trehgam village pick up the check the Kupwara district in primacy Kashmir Valley of the queenly state of Kashmir and Jammu in British India (now Jammu and Kashmir, India) into a-one Kashmiri Muslim family.

His daddy was called Ghulam Qadir Bhat. His mother died when Maqbool was 11 years old, sports ground his father remarried.[5]

After studying in the vicinity, Bhat studied at the Immoderate. Joseph's School and College hobble Baramulla, where he graduated farm a Bachelor of Arts status in History and Political Discipline around 1957.[5]

Political career

The feudal pathway under the princely state plus the politics of Sheikh Abdullah after independence shaped Bhat's governmental views.

During the college age, he was involved with position student activities of the Popular vote Front (founded by Mirza Afzal Beg when Sheikh Abdullah was in prison for canvassing mix up with independence). In December 1957, Ruler Abdullah was released, leading get in touch with agitations. He was rearrested look onto April 1958. The student activists of the Plebiscite Front were also targeted at this over and over again, causing Maqbool Bhat to certainty for Pakistan in August 1958.[6]

Bhat joined the Peshawar University, inattentive for an MA Urdu Facts in Peshawar, Pakistan He stilted for some time as excellent journalist for the local record Anjaam.[6] In 1961, Bhat oppose in the 'Basic Democracy' elections introduced by President Ayub Khan's military regime, and won glory Kashmiri diaspora seat from Peshawar.[6] The elected government of Unsophisticated.

H. Khurshid lasted till 1964, when Pakistan forced its abandonment.

In April 1965, the Azad Kashmir Plebiscite Front was cognizant in Muzaffarabad at the first move of Abdul Khaliq Ansari, spoil president, and Amanullah Khan, closefitting general secretary. Maqbool Bhat was appointed as the publicity grave, owing to his journalistic background.[6][7][8] Journalist Arif Jamal states give it some thought, the participants drove to harangue unguarded location of the Cashmere Line of Control at Suchetgarh and, bringing back soil stick up the Indian-held Kashmir, took demolish oath that they would pierce exclusively for the liberation hostilities Jammu and Kashmir.[9]

Amanullah Khan essential Maqbool Bhat also wanted be in breach of set up an armed aerofoil for the Plebiscite Front, on the contrary the proposal did not reach the summit of the majority support in depiction Plebiscite Front.

Undeterred, they strong an underground group called Municipal Liberation Front (NLF), obtaining dire support for it in Esteemed 1965. The group was invalid after the Algerian Front boo Libération Nationale. Major Amanullah, efficient former soldier in the Azad Kashmir forces, was in handling of the armed wing magnitude Amanullah Khan and Mir Abdul Qayoom took charge of rectitude political and financial wings.

Maqbool Bhat was made responsible cause the overall coordination. All influence members swore in blood renounce they would be ready harmonious sacrifice their lives for description objective of the NLF, viz., to create conditions in Jammu and Kashmir that enable neat people to demand self-determination. Probity organisation was successful in recruiting members from Azad Kashmir, unacceptable obtained backing from the officials of the state.[7][10][11]

Militancy

First reentry

For muddle up months, The NLF recruited last trained a cadre of militants in the use of shells and small arms.

On 10 June 1966, two groups have a phobia about NLF crossed into Jammu good turn Kashmir. The first group consisting of Maqbool Bhat, a adherent from Gilgit called Tahir Aurangzeb, an immigrant from Jammu hollered Mir Ahmad,[b] and a desolate subedar called Kala Khan, went around the cities to happen recruit and set up dark cells.[6] The second group, access Major Amanullah, trained the strengthen engage in sabotage activities in dignity forests of Kupwara.

However, restrict September 1966, Bhat's group was compromised near Srinagar. The working group kidnapped a CID police checker called Amar Chand as splendid hostage and, when he try to escape, shot and fasten him. The police mounted dialect trig search and zeroed in bargain them, leading to an barter of fire in the Kunial village near Handwara.

A participator of Bhat's group, Kala Caravansary, was killed. Bhat and Mir Ahmad were captured and proven for sabotage and murder, receipt death sentences from a Srinagar court in September 1968.[c] Elder Amanullah's wing waiting to be given the volunteers at the Break in of Control retreated, but parade was arrested by the Pakistan Army.[6][12][11]

Maqbool Bhat's arrest brought representation group's activities into the hairline fracture, and sharply divided the Opt Front.

Nevertheless, they declared besmirch an unconstitutional body and "banned" it. Meanwhile, Maqbool Bhat pointer Mir Ahmad escaped from distinction Indian prison in December 1968, along with another inmate Ghulam Yasin, tunneling their way wink of the prison complex. They returned to Azad Kashmir connect January 1969, creating a have a feeling in the militant circles.

Their standing increased within the group, forcing the Plebiscite Front kind abandon its opposition. However, nobleness NLF's failed operations in Jammu and Kashmir put at chance all its sympathisers in excellence state, many of whom were arrested.[15][16]

Their escape from an Amerindic prison was viewed with chariness by Pakistan.

Bhat and emperor colleagues were detained and remorselessly interrogated for several months.[17] Future after their release, Bhat was still suspected of being precise double agent. Pakistan extended tiny support to the other Asiatic youth that crossed over bite-mark Azad Kashmir for arms captain training. Praveen Swami suggests stroll, as Pakistan was waging grand covert war through its soothe network in Jammu and Cashmere, it did not want those official operations jeopardised by goodness amateur operators of the NLF.[18]

Ganga hijacking

Hashim Qureshi, a Srinagar community who went to Peshawar explanation family business in 1969, fall down Maqbool Bhat and got inducted into the NLF.

He was given an ideological education extra lessons in guerrilla tactics temper Rawalpindi. In order to entice the world's attention to rank Kashmiri independence movement, the objective planned an airline hijacking nonoperational after the Dawson's Field hijackings by the Popular Front carry the Liberation of Palestine.

Hashim Qureshi, along with his cousingerman Ashraf Qureshi, was ordered suggest execute one. A former Asiatic air force pilot Jamshed Manto trained him for the business. However, Qureshi was arrested offspring the Indian Border Security Compel when he tried to reenter into Jammu & Kashmir, Bharat via LoC with arms explode equipment.

He negotiated his go rancid out by claiming to advice find other conspirators that were allegedly in the Indian sector, sought an appointment in authority Border Security Force to supply such help. Maqbool Bhat tie Qureshi replacement equipment for birth hijacking, but it fell bitemark the hands of a sub agent, who then turned prompt over to the Indian officials.

Undeterred, the Qureshis made image = \'prety damned quick\' explosives out of wood nearby hijacked an Indian Airlines segment called Ganga on 30 Jan 1971.[19][20]

The hijackers landed the level surface at Lahore and demanded blue blood the gentry release of 36 NLF prisoners lodged in Indian jails.

Despite that, they succumbed to pressure take from the airport authorities and arduous up releasing all the traffic and the crew. Years after, Ashraf Qureshi admitted that they were naive and didn't harmonise that "the passengers were improved important than the actual plane." Pakistan's Prime Minister Zulfikar Bhutto showed up at the field and paid a handsome allotment to the hijackers.

Indian Rule then refused to carry effect the demands. The plane levy on the tarmac for 80 hours, during which the Asiatic security personnel thoroughly searched grandeur air plane and removed id and postal bags they essence in it. Eventually, upon ethics advice of the authorities, Hashim Qureshi burnt the plane down.[19][21]

For some time, the Qureshis were lauded as heroes.

After Bharat reacted by banning overflight possess Pakistani planes over India, probity Pakistani authorities claimed that glory hijack was staged by Bharat, and arrested the hijackers explode all their collaborators. A one-person investigation committee headed by Equity Noorul Arifeen declared the theft to be an Indian plan, citing Qureshi's appointment in honesty Border Security Force.

In together with to the hijackers, Maqbool Bhat and 150 other NLF fighters were arrested. Seven people were eventually brought to trial (the rest being held without charges). The High Court acquitted them of treason charges. Hashim Qureshi alone was sentenced to digit years in prison. Ironically, Ashraf Qureshi was released even despite the fact that he was an equal player in the hijacking.

This abridge said to have been neat as a pin deal made by Zulfikar Bhutto , by now the Kingpin of Pakistan, who declared think about it he would convict one footpad but release the other.[19][22]

Amanullah Caravanserai was also imprisoned for 15 months in a Gilgit also gaol during 1970-72, accused of utilize an Indian agent.

He was released after protests broke distinguish in Gilgit. Thirteen of diadem colleagues were sentenced to 14 years in prison, but on the loose after a year.[23] According put on Hashim Qureshi, 400 activists locate the Plebiscite Front and NLF were arrested in Pakistan aft the Ganga hijacking.[8] Abdul Khaliq Ansari, who was arrested abstruse tortured, testified in the Lighten Court that the Ganga burglary had emboldened the people chance on question the corrupt practices admire the Azad Kashmir leaders give orders to, in reaction, the government hinder them and forced them set upon confess to being Indian agents.[17]

Second reentry

Further attempts by the NLF to infiltrate into Jammu & Kashmir, India also met fine-tune failure.

The organisation did wail have enough funds and dirty, or support from other cornucopia, to make an impact lining India.[18]

In May 1976, Maqbool Bhat reentered Jammu & Kashmir fiddle with. He was encouraged by probity student protests against the 1974 Indira-Sheikh accord, by which Swayer Abdullah surrendered his demand put up with joined Indian system.

Bhat attempted to rob a bank put into operation Kupwara. A bank employee was killed in the course portend the robbery. Bhat was rearrested and received a second passing away sentence.[24]

JKLF

Bhat's arrest effectively broke significance back of the NLF access Azad Kashmir.

Amanullah Khan impressed to England, where he normal the enthusiastic support of rendering British Mirpuri community. The UK chapter of the Plebiscite Principal was converted into the Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF) in May 1977 and au fait an armed wing called primacy `National Liberation Army'. Amanullah Caravanserai took charge as the Popular Secretary of JKLF the multitude February.[25]

Several attempts were made via different Kashmiri groups for representation release of Maqbool Bhat, inclusive of the hijacking of an Asiatic plane by Abdul Hameed Diwani in 1976 and an bootless attempt to blow up greatness Delhi conference hall of Business Alignment Movement in 1981.[citation needed] In the first week see February 1984, the ‘National Statement Army’ of JKLF kidnapped fleece Indian diplomat Ravindra Mhatre unearth the Indian consulate in Brummagem.

They demanded the release use up Maqbool Bhat and a supplement of money from the Amerindic government but killed him valid two days after abduction.

Death

Within a week of the diplomat's killing, Bhat's petition for commiseration was rejected. He was perfected in the Tihar Jail pop in New Delhi on 11 Feb 1984, amidst heavy security.

Bhat was described as calm vital composed, who did not "utter any word as he was being taken to the gallows".[27] His body was buried in the interior the Tihar Jail premises refuse to comply his wishes. High-ranking officials in vogue the government said that representation hanging was meant to catch in the act a harder line against state violence.[27]

Sporadic incidents of protest opposed Bhat's execution were reported appearance the newspapers, which were ostensible as "tremors of tension".

Squeeze Trehgam, no shops opened yen for four consecutive days. In aged Srinagar, streets were deserted all the more though there was no subornment for any bandh. The law enforcement agency had already arrested around 1,000 opposition members in the abovementioned days in order to arrogate protests.[27]

Abdul Ghani Lone, then marvellous member of the legislative meeting, described the hanging as "judicial murder".

Bhat's lawyers called give rise to a "political and hasty decision". They believed it was topping violation of Bhat's constitutional request to hang him in haste.[27]

Legacy

Five years after Bhat’s hanging, primacy Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF) launched a militant movement provision the separation of the Delicate of Jammu & Kashmir unearth India.

Since his death, ethics JKLF has demanded that rank mortal remains of the party's founder, which were buried spirit the Tihar Jail, be objective over. Separatist leaders also summons for shutdown each year, which is observed in the Concavity to mark his anniversary outandout death.[30] JKLF announced a break in 1994.[31]

On 4 November 1989, JKLF militants allegedly shot antiquated judge Neelkanth Ganjoo, who difficult to understand presided over the Amar Chand murder trial, and declared judgement of death on Maqbool Bhat.[32]

See also

Notes

  1. ^The Jammu Kashmir Liberation Have an advantage was founded in Birmingham, UK in 1977, where Maqbool Bhat was clearly not present.

    Nevertheless it was an ideological heiress to the National Liberation Head start and, so, sometimes identified succeed it. The names are dubious. The NLF was also referred to as "Kashmir National Price Front" (Snedden, Kashmir: The Spontaneous History 2013, p. 194) and significance JKLF was often called "Kashmir Liberation Front".[4] In any make somebody believe you, Maqbool Bhat is often purported as a co-founder of decency JKLF.

  2. ^The name also appears gorilla "Amir Ahmad" in some places.
  3. ^Gh.

    Rasool Bhat states that Kala Khan received a life punishment in the trial. But alternative sources state that he was killed during the shoot out.

References

  1. ^"The long, deadly trek to Sunjuwan". The Hindu. 14 February 2018. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
  2. ^Handoo, Bilal (11 February 2018).

    "What fuelled Kashmir's Maqbool Butt". Free Prise open Kashmir.

  3. ^Mushtaq, Sheikh (11 February 2011). "Kashmir seeks return of even separatist leader's remains". Reuters. Archived from the original on 11 October 2019.
  4. ^ Zafar Meraj, Inderjit Badhwar, Discontent brewing in Cashmere for two years again finds expression in violence, India Nowadays, 30 April 1989.
  5. ^ abBhat, Popular Background and Political Ideology (2015), Sec.

    1.

  6. ^ abcdefBhat, Social Surroundings and Political Ideology (2015), Flash. 2.
  7. ^ ab Shams Rehman, Nullification Amanullah Khan[usurped], The Kashmir Walla, 7 May 2016.
  8. ^ abAbdul Khaliq Ansari passes away, Greater Cashmere, 17 June 2013.
  9. ^Jamal, Shadow Bloodshed 2009, pp. 87–88.
  10. ^Swami, India, Pakistan with the addition of the Secret Jihad 2007, pp. 104, 107.
  11. ^ abJamal, Shadow War 2009, pp. 88–89.
  12. ^Swami, India, Pakistan and picture Secret Jihad 2007, pp. 104–105.
  13. ^Swami, Bharat, Pakistan and the Secret Push 2007, pp. 107–108.
  14. ^Jamal, Shadow War 2009, pp. 90–91.
  15. ^ abStatement of Advocate Abdul Khaliq Ansari before ‘Azad Kashmir" High Court in 1971, Jammu Kashmir Democratic Liberation Party, 8 June 2015.
  16. ^ abSwami, India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad 2007, pp. 108–109.
  17. ^ abcSwami, India, Pakistan lecture the Secret Jihad 2007, pp. 112–113.
  18. ^Jamal, Shadow War 2009, p. 92-93.
  19. ^Jamal, Pursue War 2009, p. 94-95.
  20. ^Jamal, Shadow Warfare 2009, p. 96-97.
  21. ^In Amanullah Khan's passing away Kashmiri separatism lost its titleholder, Catch News, 27 April 2016.
  22. ^Swami, India, Pakistan and the Clandestine Jihad 2007, p. 129.
  23. ^Swami, India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad 2007, pp. 129–130.
  24. ^ abcd Mark Fineman, Maniac Leader is Executed in Bharat, Philadelphia Inquirer, 12 February 1984.

    ProQuest 1819978361

  25. ^"Shutdown on JKLF founder's litter anniversary". Zee News. 11 Feb 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
  26. ^"JKLF wants all cases against secure cadres withdrawn". The Times Help India. 16 January 2013. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013.
  27. ^"Media on a Fai ride".

    Asian Age.

Bibliography

  • Bhat, Gh. Rasool (February 2015), "Social Background existing Political Ideology of Maqbool Bhat (18th February 1938 – Ordinal February 1984)", Research Directions, 2 (8), CiteSeerX 10.1.1.672.6784, ISSN 2321-5488
  • Jamal, Arif (2009), Shadow War: The Untold Edifice of Jihad in Kashmir, Writer House, ISBN 
  • Faheem, Farrukh (27 Apr 2013), "Kashmir: Dead Men Unfasten Tell Tales", Economic and Civil Weekly, 48 (17): 18–21, JSTOR 23527180
  • Schofield, Victoria (2003) [First published bring in 2000], Kashmir in Conflict, Writer and New York: I.

    Difficult. Taurus & Co, ISBN 

  • Snedden, Christopher (2013) [first published as The Untold Story of the Followers of Azad Kashmir, 2012], Kashmir: The Unwritten History, HarperCollins Bharat, ISBN 
  • Staniland, Paul (2014), Networks virtuous Rebellion: Explaining Insurgent Cohesion shaft Collapse, Cornell University Press, pp. 68–, ISBN 
  • Swami, Praveen (2007), India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad: Significance covert war in Kashmir, 1947-2004, Asian Security Studies, Routledge, ISBN 

Further reading

External links