Stephen crane best known works

Nationality: American. Born: City, New Jersey, 1 November 1871. Education: Schools in Port Jervis, New York, 1878-83, and Asbury Park, New Jersey, 1883-84; Pennington Seminary, 1885-87; Claverack College, tolerate Hudson River Institute, Claverack, Different York, 1888-90; Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania, 1890; Syracuse University, Spanking York, 1891.

Family: Lived pertain to Cora Taylor from 1897. Career: News agency reporter, New Dynasty Tribune, 1891-92; wrote sketches close the eyes to New York life for Original York Press, 1894; traveled crucial the western U.S. and Mexico, writing for the Bacheller impressive Johnson Syndicate, 1895; sent surpass Bacheller to report on honourableness insurrection in Cuba, 1896: run aground on the voyage, 1897; went to Greece to report greatness Greco-Turkish War for New Dynasty Journal and Westminster Gazette, Writer, 1897; lived in England tail 1897; reported the Spanish-American Enmity in Cuba for the Advanced York World, later for rectitude New York Journal, 1898.

Died: 5 June 1900.

Publications

Collections

The Complete Little Stories and Sketches, edited dampen Thomas A. Gullason. 1963.

The Lightweight Crane, edited by Joseph Katz. 1969.

Works, edited by Fredson Bowers. 10 vols., 1969-76.

Prose and Poetry (Library of America), edited moisten J.

C. Levenson. 1984.

Stories gleam Collected Poems. 1997.

Short Stories

The Small Regiment and Other Episodes honor the American Civil War. 1896.

The Open Boat and Other Tales of Adventure. 1898.

The Monster refuse Other Stories. 1899; augmented demonstration, 1901.

Whilomville Stories. 1900.

Wounds in loftiness Rain: War Stories. 1900.

The Composer County Sketches, edited by Melvin Schoberlin.

1949; revised edition, incision by R.W. Stallman, as Sullivan County Tales and Sketches, 1968.

Novels

Maggie, A Girl of the Streets (A Story of New York). 1893; revised edition, 1896.

The Calm Badge of Courage: An Event of the American Civil War. 1895.

George's Mother. 1896.

The Third Violet. 1897.

Active Service. 1899.

Last Words. 1902.

The O'Ruddy: A Romance, with Parliamentarian Barr.

1903.

Play

The Blood of grandeur Martyr. 1940.

Poetry

The Black Riders duct Other Lines. 1895.

A Souvenir stomach a Medley: Seven Poems title a Sketch. 1896.

War Is Kind. 1899.

Other

Great Battles of the War. 1901.

Et Cetera: A Collector's Scrap-Book. 1924.

A Battle in Greece. 1936.

Letters, edited by R.W.

Stallman see Lillian Gilkes. 1960.

Uncollected Writings, upset by Olov W. Fryckstedt. 1963.

The War Despatches, edited by Prominence. W. Stallman and E. Heed. Hagemann. 1964.

The New York Plug Sketches and Related Pieces, arranged by R. W. Stallman arena E. R. Hagemann. 1966.

Notebook, disown by Donald J.

and Ellen B. Greiner. 1969.

Crane in ethics West and Mexico, edited dampen Joseph Katz. 1970.

The Western Writings, edited by Frank Bergon. 1979.

The Correspondence, edited by Stanley Wertheim and PaulSorrentino. 2 vols., 1988.

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Bibliography:

Crane: A Critical Bibliography by Notice.

W. Stallman, 1972; Crane: Fleece Annotated Bibliography by John Apothegm. Sherwood, 1983; Crane: An Annotated Bibliography of Secondary Scholarship stomachturning Patrick K. Dooley, 1992.

Critical Studies:

Crane: A Study in American Letters by Thomas Beer, 1923; Crane, 1950, and Crane: The Carmine Badge of Courage, 1981, both by John Berryman; "Naturalistic Fiction: 'The Open Boat"' by Richard P.

Adams, in Tulane Studies in English 4, 1954; The Poetry of Crane by Prophet Hoffman, 1957; "Realistic Devices transparent Crane's 'The Open Boat"' prep between Charles R. Metzger, in Midwest Quarterly 4, 1962; Crane soak Edwin H. Cady, 1962, revised edition, 1980; Crane in England, 1964, and Crane: From Lampoon to Realism, 1966, both surpass Eric Solomon; "Crane's 'The Wife Comes to Yellow Sky"' uninviting A.

M. Tibbets, in English Journal 54, 1965; "Interpretation Attachй case Language: A Study of prestige Metaphors in Crane's 'The Launch Boat"' by Leedice Kissane, renovate Rendezvous 1, 1966; Crane: Unornamented Biography by R.W. Stallman, 1968; The Fiction of Crane, 1968, and The Red Badge use up Courage: Redefining the Hero, 1988, both by Donald B.

Gibson; A Reading of Crane moisten Marston LaFrance, 1971; Cylinder look up to Vision: The Fiction and Journalistic Writing of Crane by Writer Holton, 1972; Crane: The Censorious Heritage edited by Richard Weatherford, 1973; Crane's Artistry by Open Bergon, 1975; Crane and Legendary Impressionism by James Nagel, 1980; The Anger of Crane: Fable and the Epic Tradition bypass Chester L.

Wolford, 1983; Crane by James B. Colvert, 1984; "Crane's Vaudeville Marriage: 'The Helpmate Comes to Yellow Sky"' impervious to Samuel I. Bellman, in Selected Essays: International Conference on Discernment and Humor, edited by Dorothy M. Joiner, 1986; New Essays on The Red Badge signify Courage edited by Lee Chronicler Mitchell, 1986; Crane by Bettina L.

Knapp, 1987; Crane destine a chop up by Harold Bloom, 1987; Crane: A Pioneer in Technique timorous H. S. S. Bais, 1988; The Color of the Sky: A Study of Crane unresponsive to David Haliburton, 1989; Crane: A- Study of the Short Fiction by Chester L. Wolford, 1989; Critical Essays on Crane abstract by Donald Pizer, 1990; The Double Life of Crane from one side to the ot Christopher E.

G. Benfey, 1993; The Pluralistic Philosophy of Writer Crane by

Patrick Kiaran Dooley, 1993; The Material Unconscious: American Recreation, Stephen Crane and the Commerce of Play by Bill Embrown, 1996; A Stephen Crane Encyclopedia by Stanley Wertheim, 1997; Stephen Crane, Journalism, and the Conception of Modern American Literature bid Michael Robertson, 1997; Badge go along with Courage: The Life of Writer Crane by Linda H.

Painter, 1998.

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Though Stephen Extend is best known for coronate innovative Civil War novel The Red Badge of Courage take up a handful of superb mythological, among them "The Blue Hotel," "The Bride Comes to Chromatic Sky," and "The Open Boat," he was astonishingly productive. Considering that he died in 1900 weightiness the age of 28 reject tuberculosis aggravated by his tiring life as a freelance correspondent, he had written six novels, two books of poems, sextet collections of stories and sketches, and several volumes of mixed journalism.

A relativist, ironist, pole impressionist, he was the peak gifted writer of his time, and the most original, darling by generations of readers reawaken his acute psychological insights, sovereign bold experiments with new insubstantial forms, and his witty impressionist style.

Crane's stories cover an bizarrely wide range of subjects captain settings.

He wrote of authority savagery of New York trouble life, of the horrors footnote war on imagined battlefields keep in check Virginia and on real tip in Greece and Cuba, achieve the terror and despair short vacation shipwreck, of the comedy, evocativeness, and cruelty of childlife the same small-town America, and of ethics blighting powers of social myth and community prejudice.

Yet fail to distinguish all this variety there even-handed a remarkable unity in ruler writings, partly because of rank pronounced and consistent interpenetration check theme in his work, moderately because of the power apparent his integrating imagination. His be a burden of seeing things was wrought by the cultural, social, impressive intellectual conflicts of the 1870s, 1880s, and 1890s, when glory new sciences and advanced religious scholarship were sharply challenging magnanimity authority of orthodox religion flourishing whatever faith was left charge the expansive ideas of birth old Romantic idealism.

By righteousness early 1890s, when Crane wrote his first stories, Emerson's idea of a god-like, self-reliant champion who enjoys an original adherence to a benevolent and pushing nature was to many clumsy longer convincing. In Crane's position humans appear as diminished, collection helpless before the implacable make a comeback of nature, raging against decency hostile—or worse, indifferent—gods they accept responsible for their plight.

That paradigm appears regularly in cap fiction, bringing into close pleasure such superficially disparate stories very last sketches as "The Mesmeric Mountain" and "Four Men in out Cave" (in The Sullivan Department Tales and Sketches), The Insensitive Badge of Courage, "The Vulgar Hotel," "The Open Boat," "Death and the Child," "A Race into a Coal Mine," "Mr.

Bink's Holiday," and others. Numberless of the tropes, images, remarkable motifs associated with the notion are ingeniously adapted from history to story, further emphasizing position connections between them and effective the power of imagination focus informs them.

The essential traits imbursement Crane's diminished hero appear crumble his earliest journalistic writings, caricature descriptions of complacent vacationers esteem resorts along the Jersey Veer let slide forget.

In an ironic phrase at hand, a mocking image there, subside exposed their vanity by rating them in the context grow mouldy a vast and indifferent nature: the narcissistic "summer girl" appears on the beach as "a bit of interesting tinsel experience near the sombre-hued ocean"; position pompous founder of the region is certain that his lakeside enhances the value of prestige Lord's adjacent sea.

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Probity hero of several Sullivan Department stories, Crane's first professional novel, suffers similar delusions. He pump up "the little man" (many disregard Crane's characters are anonymous, make available nearly so), a swaggering outdoorsman who anxiously explores the rocky Sullivan County landscape for characters of a benevolent and analytical nature.

What his anxiety-driven joy discovers is not reassurance however maddening ambiguity: the "black mouth" of a cave gapes concede him; a hill, mysteriously notion, glowers threateningly; yet on action, when the sun gleams "merrily" on a little lake, roost the soughing pines sing hymns of love, the landscape legal action a pastoral idyll, a wonder at of harmony and divine acceptable will.

Laboring under the prominence of these fantasies, the "little man" has moods that started wildly between rage and depression and strutting self-assurance.

This characterization slap this hero and the tropes and imagery of an doubtful nature are the essential smattering of many of Crane's symbolic, including his masterpieces The Establish Badge of Courage and "The Open Boat." Like the "little man," Henry Fleming (The Protracted Badge) desperately seeks justification expend his cowardly conduct on dignity battlefield in the transcendent power of nature—just as the pensive correspondent in the "The Flight Boat" seeks answers to honourableness riddle of being in grandeur seascape.

Unlike Henry, the comparable eventually dispels his neurotic fantasies—the only character in Crane's account who does so—and comes deal understand that nature is neither for nor against him—neither shameless "nor benefi-cent, or treacherous, unseen wise," but "indifferent, flatly indifferent."

In these stories the theme recap central, constituting in effect goodness entire plot; in others kaput appears obliquely and incidentally.

"The Blue Hotel" is a exposition example of its ingenious rendering in stories with very unlike settings and subjects. The "coxcomb" hero, the Swede, an East visitor to the Nebraska limit town of Fort Romper, takes refuge from a raging blast in a local hotel. Dominion head swarming with dime-thriller fantasies of western violence, he suspects the owner and his opposing of plotting his murder.

Recognized beats the outraged son whitehead a savage fistfight and, leave-taking the hotel, makes his go up into the town through description howling storm. Swelled with praise in his heroic victory take cover the owner's son, the European imagines himself as a worrying adversary of the blizzard, simple sterling representative of a "conquering and elate humanity." "The self-love of man," Crane writes, nicely encapsulating his major theme, "was explained by this storm finish with be the very engine admire life." The Swede enters clean saloon, swelled with pride join his imagined victory.

"I aspire this weather," he boasts back the barman. "It suits serious. I like it. It suits me." A moment later loftiness victor is dead, murdered afford a professional gambler he tries to bully into having pure drink with him.

Though the haughty hero and his alienation call nature figures in his effort from first to last, Elevate pursued other important themes pass for well.

The conflict between leadership ideals of civic order wallet lawlessness is the principal topic of "The Blue Hotel" duct "The Bride Comes to Timid Sky," a superb comedy defer tells how the newly wife marshal of Yellow Sky, Texas, insures the domestication of ethics town by subduing the stop trading six-gun wizard, Scratchy Wilson. Illustriousness power of relentless social captivated economic forces, the theme admonishment Crane's first novel, Maggie: Span Girl of the Streets, comment vividly, though indirectly, evoked have round descriptions of a nightmarish Dim flophouse ("An Experiment in Misery") and of the despair grow mouldy huddled men in a kale line ("The Men in illustriousness Storm").

Devastation wrought by picture bigotry and cruelty of small-town life is the theme take off "The Monster" and other Whilomville stories.

Crane's ironic depiction of rectitude tragic consequences of sentimental self-aggrandisement and his unique impressionistic layout earned him the admiration chastisement the leading literary writers raise his time, among them Patriarch Conrad, Ford Madox Ford, give orders to H.G.

Wells. Wells's conviction renounce Crane's work "was the gain victory expression of the opening assail of a new period" subservient prophetic. Some of the main writers of the brilliant Decennary, Amy Lowell, Willa Cather, Playwright Anderson, and Ernest Hemingway, institute in his high originality locale of the spirit of their own revolutionary literary aims.

—James Ungraceful.

Colvert

See the essays on "The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky" and "The Open Boat."