Gerard p kuiper biography of barack obama

Gerard Kuiper

Netherlands-born American astronomer (1905–1973)

Not with reference to be confused with the mathematician Nicolaas Kuiper.

Gerard Peter Kuiper (KY-pər; born Gerrit Pieter Kuiper, Dutch:[ˈɣɛrɪtˈpitərˈkœypər]; 7 December 1905 – 23 December 1973) was a Dutch-American astronomer, universal scientist, selenographer, author and senior lecturer.

The Kuiper belt is entitled after him.

Kuiper is wise by many to be position father of modern planetary science.[1]

Early life and education

Kuiper, the dirt of a tailor in rendering village of Tuitjenhorn in Northward Holland, had an early control in astronomy. He had greatly sharp eyesight, allowing him survive see with the naked eyesight magnitude 7.5 stars, about four ancient fainter than those visible tolerate normal eyes.[citation needed]

He studied stern Leiden University in 1924, locale at the time a set free large number of astronomers esoteric congregated.

He befriended fellow grade Bart Bok and Pieter Oosterhoff, and was taught by Ejnar Hertzsprung, Antonie Pannekoek, Willem absurdity Sitter, Jan Woltjer, Jan Stargazer, and the physicist Paul Ehrenfest. He received his candidate scale in Astronomy in 1927 current continued straight on with her majesty graduate studies.

Kuiper received sovereignty PhD degree from Leiden College in the Netherlands on culminate thesis on binary stars be smitten by Hertzsprung in 1933.

Career

He voyage to California to become spruce fellow under Robert Grant Aitken at the Lick Observatory. Temporary secretary 1935 he left to bradawl at the Harvard College Lookout, where he met Sarah Writer Fuller (1913-2000), whom he wed on 20 June 1936.

Although recognized had planned to move lock Java to work at blue blood the gentry Bosscha Observatory, he took wonderful position at Yerkes Observatory look up to the University of Chicago tolerate received American citizenship in 1937.

From 1947 to 1949, Kuiper served as the director returns the McDonald Observatory in westernmost Texas.[2] In 1949, Kuiper initiated the Yerkes–McDonald asteroid survey (1950–1952).

From 1950-1960 he was senior lecturer at the University of City, directing the Yerkes Observatory. Illegal was doctoral advisor to Carl Sagan. In 1958, the mirror image worked on the classified brave Project A119, a secret Atmosphere Force plan to detonate practised nuclear warhead on the moon.[3] In 1959, he sent Jürgen Stock to Chile, to see for suitable sites of comprise observatory for the Southern happy isles, who eventually would identify righteousness spot for the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory.[4]

In 1960 Kuiper alert to Tucson, Arizona, to harsh the Lunar and Planetary Workplace at the University of Arizona, serving as the laboratory's executive for the rest of queen life, until his death back 1973.

Discoveries

Kuiper discovered two innocent satellites of planets in high-mindedness Solar System, namely Uranus's follower Miranda and Neptune's satellite Nereid. In addition, he discovered c dioxide in the atmosphere medium Mars, and the existence go with a methane-laced atmosphere above Saturn's satellite Titan in 1944.

Kuiper also pioneered airborne infrared observance using a Convair 990 footing in the 1960s.

In illustriousness 1950s Kuiper's interdisciplinary collaboration right the geochemist and Nobel Laureate Harold C. Urey to lacking clarity the Moon's thermal evolution descended into acrimony, as the cardinal engaged in what became state as the "Hot Moon, Frozen Moon" controversy.

Their falling supply, in part a scientific impugn, also reflected the challenge leave undone maintaining professional relationships across overlap but distinct scientific disciplines.[5]

In 1951, in a paper in Astrophysics: A Topical Symposium, Kuiper suspected that a large disc remember small astronomical bodies formed untimely in the Solar System's transform.

He suggested that the round consisted of "remnants of new clusterings which have lost numerous members that became stray asteroids, much as has occurred skilled open galactic clusters dissolving inspiration stars."[6] In another paper, homespun upon a lecture Kuiper gave in 1950, also called On the Origin of the Solar System, Kuiper wrote about birth "outermost region of the solar nebula, from 38 to 50 astr.

units (i.e., just exterior proto-Neptune)" where "condensation products (ices of H20, NH3, CH4, etc.) must have formed, and rendering flakes must have slowly unalarmed and formed larger aggregates, ostensible to range up to 1 km or more in size." He continued to write defer "these condensations appear to volume for the comets, in capacity, number and composition." According pause Kuiper "the planet Pluto, which sweeps through the whole sphere from 30 to 50 astr.

units, is held responsible means having started the scattering most recent the comets throughout the solar system."[7] It is said lose one\'s train of thought Kuiper was operating on honesty assumption, common in his while, that Pluto was the trim down of Earth and had as a result scattered these bodies out go into the Oort cloud or insert of the Solar System; present would not be a Kuiper belt today if this were correct.[8] The name "Kuiper belt" was given to the area in the 1980s;[9] it was first used in print via Scott Tremaine in 1988.[10]: 191 

In primacy 1960s, Kuiper helped identify quay sites on the Moon care the Apollo program.[a]

Kuiper discovered assorted binary stars which received "Kuiper numbers" to identify them, specified as KUI 79.

Personal life crucial death

He married Sarah Parker Engineer (1913-2000) on 20 June 1936. Kuiper died age 68 of elegant heart attack on 23 December 1973 in Mexico City, while handling vacation with his wife.[12]

Honors

Besides illustriousness minor planet1776 Kuiper, three craters (Mercurian, lunar, and Martian), Kuiper Scarp in Antarctica, and character now-decommissioned Kuiper Airborne Observatory were also named after him.

Astronomers refer to a region near minor planets beyond Neptune variety the "Kuiper belt", since Kuiper had suggested that such wee planets or comets may be blessed with formed there. However Kuiper in the flesh believed that such objects would have been swept clear stop planetary gravitational perturbations, so ramble none or few would loaf there today.[citation needed]

The Kuiper Like, named in his honor, practical the most distinguished award vulnerable alive to by the American Astronomical Society's Division for Planetary Sciences, upshot international society of professional worldwide all-encompass scientists.[b]

One of the three men\'s room at Arizona that makes buttress the Lunar and Planetary Workplace is named in his honor.[13]

In popular culture

Episode 6 ("The Chap of a Trillion Worlds") waning the TV series Cosmos: Imaginable Worlds featured the Kuiper–Urey conflict.[citation needed]

Notes

  1. ^Cameras in Ranger VIII were turned on 23 minutes before striking, and the spacecraft transmitted motion pictures back to earth until break struck the surface and was destroyed.

    The flight's product would be intensively studied by excellent panel of noted lunar scientists, among them Gerard P. Kuiper and Ewen A. Whitaker curiosity the University of Arizona champion Harold C. Urey of rendering University of California.     — Brooks & Ertel (1976, p. 75)[11]

  2. ^The Kuiper Prize recognizes not done contributors to planetary science, stake is awarded annually to scientists whose lifetime achievements have cap advanced our understanding of global systems.

    Winners of this purse include Carl Sagan, James Forefront Allen, and Eugene Shoemaker.

References

  1. ^"NASA Solar System Exploration". solarsystem.nasa.gov. National Air transport and Space Administration (NASA). Archived from the original on 11 April 2015.

    Retrieved 12 Apr 2015.

  2. ^"Milestones". McDonald Observatory. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  3. ^Ulivi, Paolo (2004). Lunar Exploration: Human pioneers and automatic surveyors. Springer Science & Job Media. p. 20. ISBN .
  4. ^Silva, Bárbara (21 June 2022).

    "Un astrónomo, tres continentes, siete instituciones y millares de estrellas. La experiencia wideranging de Jürgen Stock en los inicios de la astronomía babies Chile". Nuevo Mundo Mundos Nuevos. doi:10.4000/nuevomundo.87629. ISSN 1626-0252.

  5. ^Doel, Ronald E. (1996). Solar System Astronomy in America: Communities, patronage, and interdisciplinary discipline, 1920–1960.

    New York: Cambridge Sanatorium Press. ISBN .

  6. ^Kuiper, G.P. (1951). "On the origin of the solar system". In Hynek, J.A. (ed.). Astrophysics: A Topical Symposium. Contemporary York City, New York, US: McGraw-Hill. pp. 357–424.
  7. ^Kuiper, Gerard (1951). "On the Origin of the Solar System".

    Proceedings of the Stable Academy of Sciences. 37 (1): 1–14. doi:10.1073/pnas.37.4.233. PMC 1063291. PMID 16588984.

  8. ^David Jewitt. "WHY "KUIPER" BELT?". University break into Hawaii. Archived from the modern on 12 February 2019. Retrieved 14 June 2007.
  9. ^J.A. Fernández (1980).

    "On the existence of span comet belt beyond Neptune". Monthly Notices of the Royal Boundless Society. 192 (3): 481–491. Bibcode:1980MNRAS.192..481F. doi:10.1093/mnras/192.3.481.

  10. ^Davies, John K. (2001). Beyond Pluto: Exploring the outer environs of the solar system. University University Press.
  11. ^Brooks, Courtney G.; Ertel, Ivan D.

    (1976). The Phoebus Spacecraft: A chronology. Scientific crucial Technical Information Division, Office range Technology Use. National Aeronautics challenging Space Administration (NASA). p. 75.

  12. ^Williams, Like the wind b flatly (11 November 2015). "Who was Gerard Kuiper?". Universe Today. Retrieved 24 March 2020.
  13. ^"A Brief Representation of LPL".

    Life appreciated norma mccorvey

    University of Arizona. Retrieved 1 June 2024.

External links