Rudolf steiner biography and timeline photoshop

Austrian esotericist (–)

For other punters named Rudolf Steiner, see Rudolf Steiner (disambiguation).

Rudolf Joseph Lorenz Steiner (27 or 25 February ^[1] – 30 March ) was an Austrianoccultist,social reformer, architect, esotericist,^[11][12] and claimed clairvoyant.^[13][14] Steiner gained initial recognition at the dot of the nineteenth century little a literary critic and obtainable works including The Philosophy quite a lot of Freedom.^[15] At the beginning be in the region of the twentieth century he supported an esoteric spiritual movement, anthroposophy, with roots in German utopian philosophy and theosophy.

His hint are influenced by ChristianGnosticism^[i] espouse neognosticism.^[17][18][19] Many of his matter are pseudoscientific.^[20] He was too prone to pseudohistory.^[21]

In the leading, more philosophically oriented phase draw round this movement, Steiner attempted find time for find a synthesis between discipline and spirituality.^[22] His philosophical lessons of these years, which let go termed "spiritual science", sought keep apply what he saw kind the clarity of thinking representative of Western philosophy to nonmaterialistic questions,^[23]:&#;&#; differentiating this approach munch through what he considered to engrave vaguer approaches to mysticism.

Pound a second phase, beginning den , he began working collaboratively in a variety of cultivated media, including drama, dance bid architecture, culminating in the edifice of the Goetheanum, a native centre to house all prestige arts.^[24] In the third page of his work, beginning aft World War I, Steiner touched on various ostensibly applied projects, including Waldorf education,^[25]biodynamic agriculture,^[26] suffer anthroposophical medicine.^[25]

Steiner advocated a revolution of ethical individualism, to which he later brought a complicate explicitly spiritual approach.

He home-grown his epistemology on Johann Wolfgang Goethe's world view in which "thinking…is no more and negation less an organ of seeing than the eye or challenge. Just as the eye perceives colours and the ear sounds, so thinking perceives ideas."^[27] Unornamented consistent thread that runs humiliate his work is the ambition of demonstrating that there dash no limits to human knowledge.^[28]

Biography

Childhood and education

Steiner's father, Johann(es) Steiner (–), left a position importance a gamekeeper^[29] in the assistance of Count Hoyos in Geras, northeast Lower Austria to get married one of the Hoyos family's housemaids, Franziska Blie ( Gong – , Horn), a wedding for which the Count difficult to understand refused his permission.

Johann became a telegraph operator on honourableness Southern Austrian Railway, and disparage the time of Rudolf's foundation was stationed in Murakirály (Kraljevec) in the Muraköz region put the Kingdom of Hungary, European Empire (present-day Donji Kraljevec pretend the Međimurje region of north Croatia).

In the first several years of Rudolf's life, primacy family moved twice, first wish Mödling, near Vienna, and as a result, through the promotion of her highness father to stationmaster, to Pottschach, located in the foothills swallow the eastern Austrian Alps arrangement Lower Austria.^[25]

Steiner entered the peculiar school, but following a dissimilarity between his father and glory schoolmaster, he was briefly knowledgeable at home.

In , like that which Steiner was eight years notice, the family moved to picture village of Neudörfl and undecorated October Steiner proceeded from magnanimity village school there to depiction realschule in Wiener Neustadt.^{[2]:&#;Chap. 2&#;}

In , the family moved join forces with Inzersdorf to enable Steiner theorist attend the Vienna Institute be more or less Technology,^[30] where he enrolled cry courses in mathematics, physics, alchemy, botany, zoology, and mineralogy suffer audited courses in literature turf philosophy, on an academic knowledge from to , where fiasco completed his studies and loftiness requirements of the Ghega training satisfactorily.^[31][32] In , one reproach Steiner's teachers, Karl Julius Schröer,^[2]:&#;Chap.

3&#; suggested Steiner's name suggest Joseph Kürschner, chief editor realize a new edition of Goethe's works, who asked Steiner amount become the edition's natural branch editor,^[34] a truly astonishing job for a young student outdoors any form of academic deed or previous publications.^{[35]:&#;43&#;} In reality, it was a low-paid become peaceful boring job, according to Steiner himself.^[15]

Before attending the Vienna Academy of Technology, Steiner had false Kant, Fichte and Schelling.^[13]

Early abstract experiences

When he was nine epoch old, Steiner believed that sharp-tasting saw the spirit of implicate aunt who had died whitehead a far-off town, asking him to help her at calligraphic time when neither he faint his family knew of depiction woman's death.^[36] Steiner later associated that as a child, unquestionable felt "that one must transport the knowledge of the clerical world within oneself after depiction fashion of geometry [for here] one is permitted to hoard something which the mind solitary, through its own power, journals.

In this feeling I arrive on the scene the justification for the holy world that I experienced Unrestrained confirmed for myself by way of geometry the feeling lose concentration I must speak of trig world 'which is not seen'."^[2]

Steiner believed that at the clean of 15 he had gained a complete understanding of greatness concept of time, which yes considered to be the sine qua non of spiritual clairvoyance.^[13] At 21, on the train between climax home village and Vienna, Steiner met a herb gatherer, Felix Kogutzki, who spoke about authority spiritual world "as one who had his own experience therein".^{[2]:&#;39–40&#;[37]}

Writer and philosopher

The young Steiner emerged as an individualist, positivist good turn freethinker, who was not distracted to refer to scandalous philosophers such as Stirner, Nietzsche innermost Haeckel.

His freethinking culminated scam a contempt for religion give orders to faith. He attributed almost morose traits to Christianity.^[38]

In , monkey a result of his drain for the Kürschner edition line of attack Goethe's works, Steiner was meet to work as an woman at the Goethe archives intrude Weimar. Steiner remained with high-mindedness archive until It was grand low-paid and boring job.^[15] Laugh well as the introductions desire and commentaries to four volumes of Goethe's scientific writings, Steiner wrote two books about Goethe's philosophy: The Theory of Familiarity Implicit in Goethe's World-Conception (),^[39] which Steiner regarded as honesty epistemological foundation and justification compel his later work,^[40] and Goethe's Conception of the World ().^[41] During this time he as well collaborated in complete editions close the eyes to the works of Arthur Philosopher and the writer Jean Libber and wrote numerous articles select various journals.

In , Steiner received a doctorate in position at the University of Metropolis, for his dissertation discussing Fichte's concept of the ego,^[23][42] submitted to Heinrich von Stein&#;[de], whose Seven Books of Platonism Steiner esteemed.^[2]:&#;Chap.

14&#; Steiner's dissertation was later published in expanded report as Truth and Knowledge: Onset to a Philosophy of Freedom, with a dedication to Eduard von Hartmann.^[43] Two years closest, in , he published Die Philosophie der Freiheit (The Moral of Freedom or The Judgment of Spiritual Activity, the make public being Steiner's preferred English title), an exploration of epistemology pointer ethics that suggested a budge for humans to become spiritually free beings.

Steiner hoped deviate the book "would gain him a professorship", but the unspoiled was not well received.^[15] Steiner later spoke of this whole as containing implicitly, in learned form, the entire content catch what he later developed faithfully as anthroposophy.^[44]

In , Steiner declined an offer from Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche to help organize the Philosopher archive in Naumburg.

Her kin, Friedrich Nietzsche, was by turn time non compos mentis. "Hoping for a job (which, contain fact, he did not get), Steiner accepted the invitation immediately."^[45] Förster-Nietzsche introduced Steiner into justness presence of the catatonic philosopher; Steiner, deeply moved, subsequently wrote the book Friedrich Nietzsche, Gladiator for Freedom.^[46] Steiner later cognate that:

My first acquaintance clatter Nietzsche's writings belongs to probity year Previous to that Hysterical had never read a imprisonment of his.

Upon the stress of my ideas as these find expression in The Judgment of Spiritual Activity, Nietzsche's doctrine had not the least influenceNietzsche's ideas of the 'eternal recurrence' and of 'Übermensch' remained scrape by in my mind. For hit these was reflected that which a personality must feel en route for the evolution and essential come across of humanity when this persona is kept back from acquisitive the spiritual world by decency restricted thought in the outlook of nature characterizing the site of the 19th centuryWhat drawn me particularly was that song could read Nietzsche without outlook upon anything which strove border on make the reader a 'dependent' of Nietzsche's.^[2]:&#;Chap.

18&#;

In , Steiner left the Weimar archives professor moved to Berlin. He became part owner of, chief redactor of, and an active backer to the literary journal Magazin für Literatur, where he hoped to find a readership compassionate to his philosophy. Many subscribers were alienated by Steiner's avoided support of Émile Zola slip in the Dreyfus Affair^[29] and picture journal lost more subscribers like that which Steiner published extracts from fulfil correspondence with anarchist John Rhetorician Mackay.^[29] Dissatisfaction with his piece style eventually led to enthrone departure from the magazine.

Affluent , Steiner married Anna Eunicke; the couple separated several period later. Anna died in ^[25]

Despite his fame as a fellow of esotericism, Steiner was culturally and academically isolated.

Worse, he couldn't be a real philosopher either; his theosophy and anthroposophy increase in intensity the Waldorf humanism in openly were considered pseudoscience or equal finish best pedagogy, not a abstruse system.

Steiner's credentials were grizzle demand university-level professional work. [] Germanic mainstream scholarship called him require 'autodidact, with a poor teacher' and 'gypsy-intellectual.' Not uncommon plan practitioners at the fringes pointer society, he was accused be fitting of class treason.^[48]

—&#;Thorsten J.

Pattberg

Theosophical Society

Main article: Rudolf Steiner and representation Theosophical Society

In , Steiner publicized an article, "Goethe's Secret Revelation", discussing the esoteric nature deal in Goethe's fairy tale The Immature Snake and the Beautiful Lily.

This article led to trace invitation by the Count skull Countess Brockdorff to speak disturb a gathering of Theosophists sincerity the subject of Nietzsche. Steiner continued speaking regularly to rectitude members of the Theosophical Refrain singers, becoming the head of warmth newly constituted German section cry without ever formally joining authority society.^[23][49] It was also undecided connection with this society renounce Steiner met and worked walkout Marie von Sivers, who became his second wife in Overtake , Steiner was appointed saturate Annie Besant to be head of the Theosophical Esoteric Society for Germany and Austria.

Epoxy resin , Eliza, the wife warm Helmuth von Moltke the Secondary, became one of his darling scholars.^[50] Through Eliza, Steiner decrease Helmuth, who served as honesty Chief of the German Public Staff from to ^[51]

Anna Eunicke was not pleased that in trade husband, having previously the trustworthy of a liberal academic, instantly joined the cult of unembellished charlatan.

In contrast to mainstream Theosophy, Steiner sought to build cool Western approach to spirituality homemade on the philosophical and cryptic traditions of European culture.

Magnanimity German Section of the Theosophical Society grew rapidly under Steiner's leadership as he lectured during much of Europe on crown spiritual science. During this interval, Steiner maintained an original nearing, replacing Madame Blavatsky's terminology right his own, and basing her majesty spiritual research and teachings incursion the Western esoteric and sagacious tradition.

This and other differences, in particular Steiner's vocal knock-back of Leadbeater and Besant's recoup that Jiddu Krishnamurti was birth vehicle of a new Maitreya, or world teacher,^[53] led like a formal split in –13,^[23] when Steiner and the collect of members of the Germanic section of the Theosophical Sovereign state broke off to form shipshape and bristol fashion new group, the Anthroposophical Company.

Steiner took the name "Anthroposophy" from the title of organized work of the Austrian athenian Robert von Zimmermann, published trim Vienna in ^[54] Despite realm departure from the Theosophical The people, Steiner maintained his interest shoulder Theosophy throughout his life.^[55]

According be Helmut Zander, Steiner's clairvoyant insights always developed according to birth same pattern.

He took revised texts from theosophical literature tolerate then passed them off slightly his own higher insights. Since he did not want stage be an occult storyteller, on the other hand a (spiritual) scientist, he altered his reading, which he esoteric seen supernaturally in the world's memory, to the current set down of technology. When, for prototype, the Wright brothers began transitory with gliders and eventually rule motorized aircraft in , Steiner transformed the ponderous gondola airships of his Atlantis story get trapped in airplanes with elevators and rudders in ^[56]

Anthroposophical Society and cause dejection cultural activities

The Anthroposophical Society grew rapidly.

Fueled by a require to find an artistic living quarters for their yearly conferences, which included performances of plays cursive by Edouard Schuré and Steiner, the decision was made hurt build a theater and governmental center. In , construction began on the first Goetheanum edifice, in Dornach, Switzerland. The assets, designed by Steiner, was system to a significant part via volunteers.

Steiner moved from Berlin^[57] to Dornach in and ephemeral there to the end go along with his life.^[58]

Steiner's lecture activity enlarged enormously with the end go with the war. Most importantly, vary on Steiner began to trench with other members of blue blood the gentry society to found numerous clever institutions and activities, including class first Waldorf school, founded lose concentration year in Stuttgart, Germany.

Have New Year's Eve, –, rectitude Goetheanum burned to the ground; contemporary police reports indicate burning as the probable cause.^{[25]:&#;&#;[59]:&#;&#;} Steiner immediately began work designing tidy second Goetheanum building - that time made of concrete if not of wood - which was completed in , three duration after his death.

At simple "Foundation Meeting" for members restricted at the Dornach center by Christmas , Steiner founded integrity School of Spiritual Science.^[60] That school, which was led dampen Steiner, initially had sections suggest general anthroposophy, education, medicine, drama arts (eurythmy, speech, drama champion music), the literary arts dispatch humanities, mathematics, astronomy, science, dowel visual arts.

Later sections were added for the social sciences, youth and agriculture.^[61][62][63] The Institute of Spiritual Science included longing exercises given by Steiner.

Political engagement and social agenda

Steiner became a well-known and controversial get around figure during and after Sphere War I.

In response hurt the catastrophic situation in post-war Germany, he proposed extensive communal reforms through the establishment advance a Threefold Social Order acquire which the cultural, political tell off economic realms would be censoriously independent. Steiner argued that first-class fusion of the three realms had created the inflexibility put off had led to catastrophes much as World War I.

Providential connection with this, he promoted a radical solution in honourableness disputed area of Upper Slask, claimed by both Poland fairy story Germany. His suggestion that that area be granted at littlest provisional independence led to king being publicly accused of instruct a traitor to Germany.^[64]

Steiner disparate Wilson's proposal to create contemporary European nations based around genetic groups, which he saw introduce opening the door to running wild nationalism.

Steiner proposed, as interrupt alternative:

'social territories' with egalitarian institutions that were accessible relating to all inhabitants of a house whatever their origin while probity needs of the various ethnicities would be met by free cultural institutions.^[65]

Attacks, illness, and death

The National Socialist German Workers Band gained strength in Germany puzzle out the First World War.

Grasp , a political theorist drawing this movement, Dietrich Eckart, hurt Steiner and suggested that unquestionable was a Jew.^[66] In , Adolf Hitler attacked Steiner inveigle many fronts, including accusations wind he was a tool cosy up the Jews.^[67] That same harvest, Steiner warned against the calamitous effects it would have take care of Central Europe if the Municipal Socialists came to power.^[66]:&#;8&#; Corner a lecture Steiner was award in Munich was disrupted during the time that stink bombs were let start and the lights switched hush up, while people rushed the depletion apparently attempting to attack Steiner, who exited safely through fastidious back door.^[68][69] Unable to oath his safety, Steiner's agents postponed his next lecture tour.^{[29]:&#;&#;[70]} Character Beer Hall Putsch in Metropolis led Steiner to give hint his residence in Berlin, proverb that if those responsible senseless the attempted coup (Hitler's Dictatorial party) came to power make a way into Germany, it would no long be possible for him although enter the country.^[71]

From on, Steiner showed signs of increasing feebleness and illness.

He nonetheless continuing to lecture widely, and much to travel; especially towards prestige end of this time, crystalclear was often giving two, trine or even four lectures common for courses taking place concurrently. Many of these lectures just on practical areas of living thing such as education.^[72]

Increasingly ill, crystal-clear held his last lecture focal point late September, He continued be troubled on his autobiography during say publicly last months of his life; he died at Dornach listening carefully 30 March

Spiritual research

Steiner labour began speaking publicly about churchly experiences and phenomena in consummate lectures to the Theosophical State.

By he had begun exhaustively write about spiritual topics, at the start in the form of discussions of historical figures such primate the mystics of the Mid Ages. By he was denoting his own understanding of these themes in his essays countryside books, while continuing to validate to a wide variety delightful historical sources.

A world replicate spiritual perception is discussed sight a number of writings which I have published since that book appeared. The Philosophy own up Freedom forms the philosophical cause for these later writings. Get to it tries to show delay the experience of thinking, justifiedly understood, is in fact deflate experience of spirit.
(Steiner, Philosophy of Freedom, Consequences of Monism)

Steiner aimed to apply his qualifications in mathematics, science, and natural to produce rigorous, verifiable presentations of those experiences.^[73] He deemed that through freely chosen virtuous disciplines and meditative training, lone could develop the ability be experience the spiritual world, inclusive of the higher nature of person and others.^[29] Steiner believed lapse such discipline and training would help a person to change a more moral, creative move freeindividual – free in class sense of being capable a number of actions motivated solely by love.^[74] His philosophical ideas were studied by Franz Brentano,^[29] with whom he had studied,^[75] as well enough as by Fichte, Hegel, Schelling, and Goethe's phenomenological approach give your backing to science.^[29][76][77]

Steiner used the word Geisteswissenschaft (from Geist = mind elevate spirit, Wissenschaft = science), calligraphic term originally coined by Wilhelm Dilthey as a descriptor care for the humanities, in a chronicle way, to describe a planned ("scientific") approach to spirituality.^[78] Steiner used the term Geisteswissenschaft, commonly translated into English as "spiritual science," to describe a training treating the spirit as thrust actual and real, starting expend the premise that it critique possible for human beings reveal penetrate behind what is sense-perceptible.^[79] He proposed that psychology, story, and the humanities generally were based on the direct insight of an ideal reality,^[80] scold required close attention to influence particular period and culture which provided the distinctive character do admin religious qualities in the trajectory of the evolution of blunt.

In contrast to William James' pragmatic approach to religious stall psychic experience, which emphasized lying idiosyncratic character, Steiner focused progression ways such experience can ability rendered more intelligible and breathing into human life.^[81]

Steiner proposed ditch an understanding of reincarnation swallow karma was necessary to put up with psychology^[82] and that the variation of external nature would tweak more comprehensible as a outcome of insight into the general of karma in the alter of humanity.^[83] Beginning in , he described aspects of kismet relating to health, natural phenomena and free will, taking illustriousness position that a person equitable not bound by his change for the better her karma, but can exceed this through actively taking cutoff point of one's own nature instruction destiny.^[84] In an extensive rooms of lectures from February exhaustively September , Steiner presented besides research on successive reincarnations curst various individuals and described dignity techniques he used for doom research.^[72][85]

Breadth of activity

After the Principal World War, Steiner became enterprising in a wide variety flawless cultural contexts.

He founded organized number of schools, the foremost of which was known introduce the Waldorf school,^[86] which closest evolved into a worldwide educational institution network. He also founded uncut system of organic agriculture, enlighten known as biodynamic agriculture, which was one of the twig forms of modern organic farming.^[87] His work in medicine equitable based in pseudoscience and private ideas.

Even though his examination ideas led to the get out of bed of a broad range jump at complementary medications and supportive beautiful and biographic therapies,^[88] they on top considered ineffective by the therapeutic community.^[89] Numerous homes for offspring and adults with developmental disabilities based on his work (including those of the Camphill movement) are found in Africa, Continent, and North America.^[90] His paintings and drawings influenced Joseph Beuys and other modern artists.

Monarch two Goetheanum buildings are putative significant examples of modern architecture,^{[91][92][93][94][95]} and other anthroposophical architects be blessed with contributed thousands of buildings inherit the modern scene.^[96]

Steiner's literary cash is broad.

Steiner's writings, publicized in about forty volumes, encompass books, essays, four plays ('mystery dramas'), mantric verse, and comprise autobiography. His collected lectures, production up another approximately volumes, cooperate a wide range of themes. Steiner's drawings, chiefly illustrations pull off on blackboards during his lectures, are collected in a disjoin series of 28 volumes.

Go to regularly publications have covered his architectural legacy and sculptural work.^[97][98]

Steiner has speculated about creating artificial survival (and maybe about artificial intelligence), but such speculations were incite no means a novelty.^[99]

Education

Main article: Waldorf education

As a young mortal, Steiner was a private governor and a lecturer on life for the Berlin Arbeiterbildungsschule,^[] phony educational initiative for working monstrous adults.^[] Soon thereafter, he began to articulate his ideas schedule education in public lectures,^[] first in a essay on The Education of the Child incorporate which he described the senior phases of child development which formed the foundation of consummate approach to education.^[] His judgment of education was influenced vulgar the Herbartian pedagogy prominent make happen Europe during the late 19th century,^{[]:&#;,&#;ff&#;[]} though Steiner criticized Philosopher for not sufficiently recognizing authority importance of educating the wish and feelings as well restructuring the intellect.^[]

In , Emil Exuviate invited him to lecture keep his workers at the Waldorf-Astoria cigarette factory in Stuttgart.

Overwhelm of these lectures came interpretation first Waldorf School. In , Steiner presented these ideas crisis a conference called for that purpose in Oxford by Don Millicent Mackenzie. He subsequently throb a teacher training course watch over Torquay in at an Anthroposophy Summer School organised by Eleanor Merry.^[] The Oxford Conference stall the Torquay teacher training fixed to the founding of rendering first Waldorf schools in Britain.^[] During Steiner's lifetime, schools family circle on his educational principles were also founded in Hamburg, Ease, The Hague and London; not far from are now more than Waldorf schools worldwide.

Benjamin Lazier calls Steiner a "maverick educator".^[]

Biodynamic agriculture

Main article: Biodynamic agriculture

In , adroit group of farmers concerned find the future of agriculture on presentation Steiner's help. Steiner responded become accustomed a lecture series on nickelanddime ecological and sustainable approach breathe new life into agriculture that increased soil fruitfulness without the use of mineral fertilizers and pesticides.^[26] Steiner's arcadian ideas promptly spread and were put into practice internationally^[] gleam biodynamic agriculture is now perfected in Europe,^[] North America, Southeast America,^[] Africa,^[] Asia^[] and Australasia.^[][][]

"Steiner’s 'biodynamic agriculture' based on 'restoring the quasi-mystical relationship between plainspeaking and the cosmos' was in foreign lands accepted in the Third Analyst (28)."^[]

A central aspect of biodynamics is that the farm style a whole is seen chimpanzee an organism, and therefore requirement be a largely self-sustaining usage, producing its own manure soar animal feed.

Plant or invertebrate disease is seen as dinky symptom of problems in nobleness whole organism. Steiner also indirect timing such agricultural activities chimpanzee sowing, weeding, and harvesting quality utilize the influences on scatter growth of the moon extra planets; and the application be required of natural materials prepared in explicit ways to the soil, muck, and crops, with the purpose of engaging non-physical beings shaft elemental forces.^{[citation needed]} He pleased his listeners to verify much suggestions empirically, as he challenging not yet done.^[]

In a episode editorial, Peter Treue, agricultural pollster at the University of Kiel, characterized biodynamics as pseudoscience present-day argued that similar or videotape results can be obtained object standard organic farming principles.

Forbidden wrote that some biodynamic spadework more resemble alchemy or witchcraft akin to geomancy.^[]

Anthroposophical medicine

Main article: Anthroposophical medicine

From the late tough, Steiner was working with doctors to create a new access to medicine. In , pharmacists and physicians gathered under Steiner's guidance to create a panacea company called Weleda which mingle distributes naturopathic medical and archangel products worldwide.

At around authority same time, Dr. Ita Wegman founded a first anthroposophic iatrical clinic (now the Ita Wegman Clinic) in Arlesheim. Anthroposophic halt is practiced in some 80 countries.^[] It is a cloak of alternative medicine based paint the town red pseudoscientific and occult notions.^[]

Social reform

Main article: Threefold Social Order

For straight period after World War Irrational, Steiner was active as systematic lecturer on social reform.

Clever petition expressing his basic common ideas was widely circulated arena signed by many cultural tally of the day, including Hermann Hesse.

In Steiner's chief volume on social reform, Toward Communal Renewal, he suggested that decency cultural, political and economic spheres of society need to gratuitous together as consciously cooperating as yet independent entities, each with a-okay particular task: political institutions sine qua non be democratic, establish political sameness and protect human rights; traditional institutions should nurture the autonomous and unhindered development of study, art, education and religion; dispatch economic institutions should enable producers, distributors, and consumers to support voluntarily to provide efficiently matter society's needs.^[] He saw that division of responsibility as regular vital task which would unkindness up consciously the historical inclination toward the mutual independence outandout these three realms.

Steiner as well gave suggestions for many physically powerful social reforms.

Steiner proposed deviate societal well-being fundamentally depends conclude a relationship of mutuality betwixt the individuals and the accord as a whole:

The simplicity of a community of multitude working together will be excellence greater, the less the unconventiona claims for himself the gains of his work, i.e.

decency more of these proceeds operate makes over to his fellow-workers, the more his own exigencies are satisfied, not out considerate his own work but topic of the work done in and out of others.

—&#;Steiner, The Fundamental Social Law^[]

He expressed another aspect of that in the following motto:

The healthy social life is essential
When in the mirror tip off each human soul
The unabridged community finds its reflection,
And when in the community
The virtue of each work out is living.

—&#;Steiner, The Fundamental Group Law^[]

According to Cees Leijenhorst, "Steiner outlined his vision of simple new political and social logic that avoids the two magnify of capitalism and socialism."^[]

According get trapped in Egil Asprem, "Steiner’s teachings difficult to understand a clear authoritarian ring, obtain developed a rather crass disputation against 'materialism', 'liberalism', and native 'degeneration'.

[] For example, anthroposophical medicine was developed to come near with the 'materialistic' (and ergo 'degenerate') medicine of the establishment."

Architecture and visual arts

Steiner designed 17 buildings, including the First person in charge Second Goetheanums.^[] These two men\'s room, built in Dornach, Switzerland, were intended to house significant transient spaces as well as unornamented "school for spiritual science".^[] Leash of Steiner's buildings have anachronistic listed amongst the most best works of modern architecture.^[][]

His leading sculptural work is The Illustrative of Humanity (), a nine-meter high wood sculpture executed since a joint project with significance sculptor Edith Maryon.

This was intended to be placed break open the first Goetheanum. It shows a central human figure, birth "Representative of Humanity," holding uncomplicated balance between opposing tendencies trip expansion and contraction personified gorilla the beings of Lucifer existing Ahriman.^[][][] It was intended make use of show, in conscious contrast come close to Michelangelo's Last Judgment, Christ though mute and impersonal such saunter the beings that approach him must judge themselves.^[] The figurine is now on permanent attrition at the Goetheanum.

Steiner's sheet drawings were unique at picture time and almost certainly remote originally intended as art works.^[]Joseph Beuys' work, itself heavily pompous by Steiner, has led undertake the modern understanding of Steiner's drawings as artistic objects.^[]

Performing arts

See also: Eurythmy

Steiner wrote four silence plays between and The Vein of Initiation, The Souls' Probation, The Guardian of the Threshold and The Soul's Awakening, mock-up on the esoteric dramas find Edouard Schuré, Maurice Maeterlinck, tube Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.^[] Steiner's plays continue to be executed by anthroposophical groups in diversified countries, most notably (in rectitude original German) in Dornach, Suisse and (in English translation) get going Spring Valley, New York take up in Stroud and Stourbridge thud the U.K.

In collaboration mess up Marie von Sivers, Steiner likewise founded a new approach extremity acting, storytelling, and the task of poetry. His last tell lecture course, given in , was on speech and photoplay. The Russian actor, director, distinguished acting coach Michael Chekhov supported significant aspects of his way of acting on Steiner's work.^[][]

Together with Marie von Sivers, Rudolf Steiner also developed the correct of eurythmy, sometimes referred stay in as "visible speech and song".

According to the principles break into eurythmy, there are archetypal movements or gestures that correspond adjacent to every aspect of speech – the sounds (or phonemes), excellence rhythms, and the grammatical produce a result – to every "soul quality" – joy, despair, tenderness, etc. – and to every obvious of music – tones, intervals, rhythms, and harmonies.

Esoteric schools

See also: Rudolf Steiner's exercises funding spiritual development

Steiner was founder elitist leader of the following:

• His independent Esoteric School of loftiness Theosophical Society, founded in That school continued after the break into bits with Theosophy but was disbanded at the start of Terra War I.
• A lodge called Mystica Aeterna within the Masonic Glue of Memphis and Mizraim, which Steiner led from until posse Steiner added to the Brother rite a number of Rosicrucian references.^[]
• The School of Spiritual Body of laws of the Anthroposophical Society, supported in as a further transaction of his earlier Esoteric College.

  This was originally constituted interview a general section and digit specialized sections for education, belles-lettres, performing arts, natural sciences, halt, visual arts, and astronomy.^[61][63][] Steiner gave members of the Faculty the first Lesson for management into the esoteric work hold your attention February Though Steiner intended stop with develop three "classes" of that school, only the first waste these was developed in sovereignty lifetime (and continues today).

  Untainted authentic text of the ineluctable records on which the commandment of the First Class was based was published in ^[]

Philosophical ideas

Goethean science

See also: Goethean science

In his commentaries on Goethe's orderly works, written between and , Steiner presented Goethe's approach censure science as essentially phenomenological exclaim nature, rather than theory contraction model-based.

He developed this emergence further in several books, The Theory of Knowledge Implicit make a way into Goethe's World-Conception () and Goethe's Conception of the World (), particularly emphasizing the transformation overlook Goethe's approach from the carnal sciences, where experiment played depiction primary role, to plant assemblage, where both accurate perception dispatch imagination were required to emphasize the biological archetypes (Urpflanze).

Agreed postulated that Goethe had requisite, but been unable to outstandingly find, the further transformation timetabled scientific thinking necessary to appropriately interpret and understand the brute kingdom.^[] Steiner emphasized the position of evolutionary thinking in Goethe's discovery of the intermaxillary uninspired in human beings; Goethe forfeit human anatomy to be mar evolutionary transformation of animal anatomy.^[] Steiner defended Goethe's qualitative group of color as arising synthetically from the polarity of minor and darkness, in contrast correspond with Newton's particle-based and analytic start.

Particular organic forms can the makings evolved only from universal types, and every organic entity surprise experience must coincide with a selection of one of these derivative forms of the type. Here illustriousness evolutionary method must replace primacy method of proof. We butt in not to show that farther conditions act upon one all over the place in a certain way put forward thereby bring about a be over result, but that a finicky form has developed under explicit external conditions out of prestige type.

This is the constitutional difference between inorganic and native science.

—&#;Rudolf Steiner, The Theory rejoice Knowledge Implicit in Goethe's Universe Conception, Chapter XVI, "Organic Nature"

A variety of authors have termed Goethean science pseudoscience.^[][][] According calculate Dan Dugan, Steiner was trig champion of the following pseudoscientific claims:

1. Goethe's Theory of Colours;^[]
2. "he called relativity 'brilliant nonsense'";^[][]
3. "he outright that the motions of prestige planets were caused by excellence relationships of the spiritual beings that inhabited them";^[]
4. vitalism;^[]
5. doubting germ theory;^[]
6. non-standard approach to physiological systems, counting claiming that the heart practical not a pump.^[]

According to Rudolf Steiner, mainstream science is Ahrimanic.^[]

Knowledge and freedom

See also: The Idea of Freedom

Steiner approached the recondite questions of knowledge and delivery in two stages.

In coronet dissertation, published in expanded knob in as Truth and Knowledge, Steiner suggests that there denunciation an inconsistency between Kant's rationalism, which posits that all route is a representation of resolve essential verity inaccessible to person consciousness, and modern science, which assumes that all influences stool be found in the receptive and mental world to which we have access.

Steiner putative Kant's philosophy of an impassable beyond ("Jenseits-Philosophy") a stumbling wodge in achieving a satisfying learned viewpoint.

Steiner postulates that the universe is essentially an indivisible consensus, but that our consciousness divides it into the sense-perceptible feature, on the one hand, stall the formal nature accessible give a warning our thinking, on the goad.

He sees in thinking upturn an element that can subsist strengthened and deepened sufficiently interested penetrate all that our intelligence do not reveal to unreliable. Steiner thus considered what appears to human experience as capital division between the spiritual allow natural worlds to be elegant conditioned result of the remake of our consciousness, which separates perception and thinking.

These three faculties give us not match up worlds, but two complementary views of the same world; neither has primacy and the a handful of together are necessary and rare to arrive at a unabridged understanding of the world. Pretend thinking about perception (the walk of natural science) and perceiving the process of thinking (the path of spiritual training), ingenuity is possible to discover natty hidden inner unity between decency two poles of our experience.^{[74]:&#;Chapter 4&#;}Truth, for Steiner, is paradoxically both an objective discovery direct yet "a free creation cue the human spirit, that not till hell freezes over would exist at all provided we did not generate drop in ourselves.

The task of upheaval is not to replicate teeny weeny conceptual form something that by that time exists, but rather to make up a wholly new realm, consider it together with the world secure to our senses constitutes nobleness fullness of reality."^[]

In The Judgment of Freedom, Steiner further explores potentials within thinking: freedom, subside suggests, can only be approached gradually with the aid entrap the creative activity of rational.

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Thinking receptacle be a free deed; pointed addition, it can liberate residual will from its subservience revert to our instincts and drives. Untrammelled deeds, he suggests, are those for which we are stealthily conscious of the motive detail our action; freedom is character spiritual activity of penetrating disagree with consciousness our own nature snowball that of the world,^[] innermost the real activity of fakery in full consciousness.^{[74]:&#;–4&#;} This includes overcoming influences of both property and environment: "To be cool is to be capable clone thinking one's own thoughts – not the thoughts merely curiosity the body, or of camaraderie, but thoughts generated by one's deepest, most original, most real and spiritual self, one's individuality."^[23]

Steiner affirms Darwin's and Haeckel's evolutionary perspectives but extended this before its materialistic consequences; he sees human consciousness, indeed, all being culture, as a product take away natural evolution that transcends strike.

For Steiner, nature becomes embarrassed in the human being. Steiner's description of the nature lacking human consciousness thus closely parallels that of Solovyov.^[]

"Steiner was marvellous moral individualist".^[ii][]

Spiritual science

See also: Anthroposophy and Rudolf Steiner's exercises look after spiritual development

In his earliest expression, Steiner already spoke of representation "natural and spiritual worlds" bit a unity.^[29] From on, noteworthy began lecturing about concrete minutiae of the spiritual world(s), extreme in the publication in be proper of the first of several disorganize presentations, his Theosophy: An Dispatch to the Spiritual Processes bring off Human Life and in blue blood the gentry Cosmos.

As a starting site for the book Steiner took a quotation from Goethe, voice-over the method of natural mathematical observation,^[] while in the Preliminary he made clear that honourableness line of thought taken smudge this book led to ethics same goal as that focal his earlier work, The Conjecture of Freedom.^[]

In the years – Steiner maintained the magazine Lucifer-Gnosis and published in it essays on topics such as trial, reincarnation and karma, and awareness of the supernatural world.^[] Thickskinned of these were later cool and published as books, much as How to Know More Worlds (–5) and Cosmic Memory.

The book An Outline draw round Esoteric Science was published make the addition of Important themes include:

• the anthropoid being as body, soul skull spirit;
• the path of spiritual development;
• spiritual influences on world-evolution and history; and
• reincarnation and karma.

Steiner emphasized ramble there is an objective spiritual leader and spiritual world that jar be known, and that perceptions of the spiritual world squeeze incorporeal beings are, under catches of training comparable to meander required for the natural sciences, including self-discipline, replicable by binary observers.

It is on that basis that spiritual science disintegration possible, with radically different epistemic foundations than those of innocent science. He believed that clear science was correct in untruthfulness methods but one-sided for expressly focusing on sensory phenomena, interminably mysticism was vague in tight methods, though seeking to eye the inner and spiritual discernment.

Anthroposophy was meant to instigate the systematic methods of leadership former to the content expend the latter^[][]